Name: 【TEDx】超級細菌的崛起--抗生素耐藥菌。卡爾-克洛澤博士在TEDx聖安東尼奧演講 (【TEDx】Rise of the Superbug - Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: Dr. Karl Klose at TEDxSanAntonio)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T05:24:05.000Z
Duration: 11 min 4 s

Antibiotics were the wonder drugs of the 20th century.

Now, amazingly antibiotics are responsible

for extending the average human life about ten years.

But we are currently in the middle of a global crisis where

但是我們現在 正遭逢一項全球危機：

antibiotics are loosing their effectiveness

The headlines, if you can see them, are very alarming.

如果看得到標題 就會覺得非常聳動。

to all of the antibiotics that we currently use.

現行使用的抗生素產生抗藥性。

Now, in order to understand the nature of this problem,

我們居住在一個充滿細菌的世界。

is covered with millions and millions of bacteria.

that you can't see them without a microscope.

所以需要顯微鏡才能看到它們。

But they're there. And they are literally everywhere.

但它們確實存在。 而且可說是無所不在。

You can find them at the bottom of the deepest part of the ocean.

你可以在最深的海底中找到它們。

You can find them at the top of the tallest mountain.

你可以在最高的山巔上找到它們。

You can even find them in the polar ice caps.

你甚至可以在 極區的冰帽中發現它們。

They can live in places where there is no sunlight,

When bacteria find a place where they can survive,

當細菌發現適合生存的地方時，

they'll multiply fast to very high numbers.

它們會快速增殖到很高的數目。

Now, one of the places that bacteria like to call home

identified over ten thousand different microbes

In fact, there are more bacterial cells in you

is actually more bacterium than you are human.

I am talking to a room full of bacteria --

-- I'm going to flatter the audience here a little bit

and tell you that bacteria are amazing organisms.

說：「細菌真是令人驚奇的生物。」

And one of the things that makes them so amazing

is their ability to share genes with each other.

Now, I need to describe this a little bit more.

bacteria become resistant to antibiotics.

So, for example, if you're tall or you have blue eyes

is because you have genes that make you tall

And likewise bacteria that can live in Antarctica

以此類推，能存活在南極洲的細菌

have genes that make them resistant to the cold.

And bacteria that are not killed by penicillin

have genes that make them resistant to penicillin.

嗯，你們可能對人類比較熟悉。

And they keep the same genes until the day that they die.

而且這組基因 會伴隨著人的一生。

So, for example, if you're born with brown eyes,

舉例：如果你生下來是棕色眼睛，

even if you wish that you have blue eyes,

your eyes will remain brown until the day that you die.

你眼睛顏色 在一生中仍不會有所改變，

Because these were the genes that you born with.

因為這是寫在你與生俱來的基因上。

who are in a habit of sharing genes with each other

the bacteria will share genes with each other,

is through picking genes up from their surroundings.

And they usually do this after one of their neighbors has died.

而且這通常在 鄰近細菌死亡時進行。

So we're going to refer to this technique as the funeral grab.

我們就把這個方式稱為「遺愛人間」。

and releases it's genes into the surroundings,

and now bacteria Number 2 will pick up some of these genes

So now bacteria Number 2 can do something

that previously only bacteria Number 1 could do.

一些原本只有 1 號細菌才能做的事。

So this is equivalent of you going to the funeral

taking a piece of their body out of the casket

然後，你的眼睛就變成藍色的了。

But now imagine that instead of blue eyes,

但換個角度想， 若你得到的不是藍眼睛，

可以交換基因的方式是透過病毒。

So, yes, bacteria get their version of the flu too.

And there are a lot of viruses that will infect bacteria.

而且有很多種病毒可以感染細菌，

So, we're going to call this technique: the viral pass.

我們把這方法稱作「病毒傳遞」。