Name: 大自然或許已解開量子物理學家的難題？！吉姆·阿爾-哈利利 (Nature may have already solved the problem stumping quantum physicists | Jim Al-Khalili)
Uploaded: 2026-03-10T18:10:55.000Z
Duration: 13 min 58 s

My name is Jamal Khalili and I'm Emeritus professor of Physics at the University of Surrey.

我是 Jamal Khalili，我是薩裡大學的物理學榮譽教授。

My book is called On Time, the Physics that Makes the Universe Tick.

我的書叫做 On Time，一本關於讓宇宙運行的物理學的書。

Here we are a quarter of the way through the 21st century and celebrating the most, in my view, powerful and successful scientific theory we have ever come up with, quantum mechanics.

我們已經進入 21世紀的四分之一，我認為我們正在慶祝有史以來最強大、最成功的科學理論——量子力學。

Quantum mechanics was developed in the early decades of the 20th century and describes the way atoms and the particles that make up atoms, the tiniest building blocks of matter, how they behave.

量子力學是在 20世紀初期發展起來的，它描述了原子以及構成原子的粒子，也就是物質的基本組成單元，它們的行為方式。

And they behave in a way very different from the way our everyday world behaves.

而且它們的行為方式跟我們日常世界的行為方式非常不一樣。

Quantum mechanics, as opposed to Newton's mechanics and Newton's laws of motion.

量子力學，與牛頓力學和牛頓運動定律相對。

So in the quantum world, things are fuzzy, they're probabilistic.

所以在量子世界裡，事物是模糊的，它們是機率性的。

An electron can be in more than one state at the same time.

一個電子可以同時處於多個狀態。

Particles can move in multiple directions at the same time.

粒子可以同時朝多個方向移動。

它們的行為就像是擴散開來的波。

They can quantum tunnel through energy barriers like a ghost passing through a solid wall.

它們可以像鬼魂穿牆一樣，量子穿隧通過能量障礙。

Things that we'd never see in our everyday world.

這些都是我們在日常世界裡絕對看不到的。

And yet that reality down at the quantum realm is our true reality.

然而，量子領域的真實情況，才是我們真正的現實。

Our whole universe ultimately behaves in a quantum way.

我們整個宇宙最終的行為方式，都是量子式的。

Now, the early discoveries of quantum mechanics led throughout the 20th century to all sorts of technologies, what we now call the first quantum revolution.

量子力學的早期發現，在整個20世紀催生了各種技術，也就是我們現在稱之為第一次量子革命的。

So the laser, the transistor, LEDs, the integrated circuits, the microchip, the computer, GPS smartphones, the Internet.

像是雷射、電晶體、LED、積體電路、微晶片、電腦、GPS智慧型手機、網際網路。

Almost all of our modern technology that we use today that relies on electronics is thanks to developing quantum mechanics.

我們今天幾乎所有依賴電子學的現代科技，都要歸功於量子力學的發展。

Today we're on the threshold of a second quantum revolution, a revolution in technology based on even more counterintuitive ideas of quantum mechanics, things like quantum entanglement and quantum superposition.

今天，我們正站在第二次量子革命的門檻上，這是一場基於量子力學更違反直覺的觀念，像是量子糾纏和量子疊加的技術革命。

So many people may have heard of quantum superposition in the context of the so called two slit experiment, where you send particles through a screen with two slits and it forms an interference pattern at the back.

很多人可能聽過量子疊加，是在所謂的雙狹縫實驗裡，你把粒子射過一個有兩個狹縫的螢幕，後面會形成一個干涉圖案。

Somehow the particle goes through both slits simultaneously and behaves like a wave.

粒子竟然同時穿過兩個狹縫，表現得像波一樣。

This is the notion that even Einstein famously didn't like when he first encountered it, that two separated particles can somehow be instantaneously in communication with each other.

這是連愛因斯坦剛接觸到時都出名地不喜歡的概念，就是兩個分開的粒子，竟然能瞬間互相溝通。

Their fates are intertwined because they have to be described by the same single quantum state, however far apart they are.

牠們的命運是交織在一起的，因為不管牠們相隔多遠，都必須用同一個量子態來描述。

Well, we're now using superposition and entanglement to develop whole new technologies.

現在，我們正利用疊加和糾纏來開發全新的技術。

Some are coming, they will be with us maybe in a decade or two, like the quantum computer.

有些技術即將到來，可能一、二十年後就會出現在我們身邊，像是量子電腦。

So we are now developing instruments that carry out what's called quantum sensing.

所以我們現在正在開發執行所謂量子感測的儀器。

We have even developed this way of sensing Very weak magnetic fields.

我們甚至開發了這種偵測極微弱磁場的方法。

You wear a helmet, like a cycling helmet on your head.

你會戴上一個頭盔，就像騎自行車戴的頭盔一樣。

And thanks to quantum entanglement, we can measure single the firing of single neurons.

而且因為量子糾纏，我們可以測量單一神經元的放電。

So essentially reading people's brainwaves.

所以基本上是在讀取人們的腦波。

One other technology that's being developed at the moment Is quantum communication.

目前還有另一項正在開發的技術是量子通訊。

Now we know the way the Internet is connected up through optical fibers.

現在我們知道網際網路是透過光纖連接的。

我們透過這些光纖傳送雷射，而且

it's coherent light that links different nodes around the world, linking computers.

這是一種相干光，連結著世界各地的不同節點，連結著電腦。

What if we could use the notion of quantum entanglement?

如果我們能利用量子糾纏的概念呢？

So photons that could be sent along optical fibers can nevertheless be quantum entangled with other photons very far away from them.

所以可以透過光纖傳送的光子，仍然可以與離牠們很遠的其他光子產生量子糾纏。

You could use quantum information to communicate and link the world.

你可以用量子資訊來溝通和連結世界。

What if we had quantum computers that are linked via quantum information Now?

如果我們有透過量子資訊連結的量子電腦呢？

We would have something called the quantum Internet.

我們就會有稱為量子網際網路的東西。

Quantum imaging is something that's developing.

量子成像是一個正在發展的技術。

There's this wonderful idea, what's called the entanglement camera, Whereby you have two particles of light, two photons.

有個很棒的想法，叫做糾纏相機，它有兩個光粒子，兩個光子。

One is visible in the visible range of the spectrum, and one is an infrared photon.

一個是可見光譜範圍內的，另一個是紅外線光子。

So what happens to one influences the behavior of the other.

所以其中一個的變化會影響另一個的行為。

Infrared light is very good at imaging, Particularly imaging biological tissue.

紅外線光對於成像非常有效，特別是成像生物組織。

Whereas visible light is much better to create images in cameras.

而可見光則更適合在相機中成像。

So you send the infrared light to probe biological tissue, for example, looking for cancer, tumors.

所以你可以將紅外線光用來探測生物組織，例如尋找癌症、腫瘤。

And then the visible light will create an image of what the infrared light sees.

然後可見光會成像出紅外線光所看到的東西。

Even though the visible light has never been near the physical object itself, it's magically transferring this information Via quantum entanglement.

即使可見光從未接近過實體物體本身，它卻能透過量子糾纏神奇地傳遞這些資訊。

So these are devices that are already being built and already being used to help in medical imaging, for example.

所以這些都是已經在建造和使用的設備，例如在醫療成像方面提供幫助。

The quantum computer, of course, Is the poster child of the second quantum revolution.

量子電腦，當然，是第二次量子革命的代表。

Quantum computers famously operate very differently from classical computers.

量子電腦的運作方式與傳統電腦有很大的不同。

They don't rely on bits of information that are 0 or 1, but

它們不依賴於 0 或 1 的資訊位元，而是

rely on quantum bits of information, Qubits that are both 0 and 1 at the same time.

依賴於同時是 0 和 1 的量子資訊位元，也就是 Qubits。

And this gives us scope for exponentially increasing the power of computations.

這讓我們有機會呈指數級地提升運算能力。

They're the ultimate in parallel processing.

A quantum computer, when we have it, Will one day be able to solve problems that the most powerful supercomputers we have today Would take billions of years to solve.

量子電腦，當我們擁有它時，有一天將能解決我們現今最強大的超級電腦需要數十億年才能解決的問題。

Quantum computers, we hope, Will be able to help us in new drug discoveries, in better climate models, in financial transactions, in studying the behavior of quantum systems, in research labs, in physics and chemistry.

量子電腦，我們希望，將能幫助我們進行新藥物研發、建立更精確的氣候模型、處理金融交易、研究量子系統的行為，在研究實驗室、物理學和化學領域。

they will have specialized applications that are Going to change the world.

它們將有專門的應用，足以改變世界。

There are, of course, many challenges still ahead of us.

當然，我們前方仍有許多挑戰。

For example, in a quantum computer, it's not just about having a qubit that can be off and on at the same time.

例如，在量子電腦中，不只是要有能同時開和關的量子位元。

You have to have many qubits quantum entangled together.

你必須讓許多量子位元相互糾纏。

And together they form the quantum processor that can run quantum algorithms that can carry out computations down in the quantum realm.

它們共同組成量子處理器，能夠運行量子演算法，在量子領域進行運算。

But of course, linking these qubits together Via entanglement Is subject to disturbance from outside, what's called decoherence.

但是，將這些量子位元透過糾纏連結起來，很容易受到外部幹擾，這就是所謂的退相干。

The idea that the quantum effects are very delicate and ephemeral, and

they will dissipate very quickly, like putting a hot cup of coffee in the freezer, you know, it won't stay hot.

而且會很快消散，就像把一杯熱咖啡放進冷凍庫，它不會一直保持熱度一樣。

Well, in the quantum world, decoherence happens very, very fast.

在量子世界裡，退相干發生得非常非常快。

And one of the biggest challenges is how do you maintain these, the quantumness of your computer for long enough for it to do the computations.

其中一個最大的挑戰是如何維持電腦的量子特性足夠長的時間來進行運算。

This is related to what's called quantum error correction.

這跟所謂的量子錯誤修正有關。

You have to build in a certain redundancy.

So if you need 100 qubits to carry out a computation, you probably need a thousand or a million, just to make sure that collectively you get an answer, Even though some of them are useless because of decoherence.

所以，如果你需要 100 個量子位元來執行運算，你可能需要一千或一百萬個，只是為了確保集體上能得到一個答案，即使其中一些因為退相干而失效。

Another problem is, of course, what do you build a quantum computer with?

另一個問題當然是，我們要用什麼來建造量子電腦？

對於要用什麼來建造，有多種選擇。

What's called the substrate would be, what is the hardware that the quantum computer will be?

什麼是所謂的基底，也就是量子電腦的硬體會是什麼？

There are lots of candidates, and we don't know which is the best one.

有很多候選者，我們還不知道哪個是最好的。

Maybe they will be using what's called superconducting circuits, electrical circuits that are at temperatures near absolute zero, such that this quantum effect called superconductivity, and

也許他們會使用所謂的超導電路，在接近絕對零度的溫度下的電路，這樣一種稱為超導的量子效應，

suddenly appears where you have electrical currents flowing through wires with zero resistance.

突然出現，電流可以在零電阻的導線上流動。

Now you can start to use these superconducting wires to carry out quantum effect quantum computations.

現在你可以開始使用這些超導線來執行量子效應的量子運算了。

You could build a quantum computer out of light, out of photons of light traveling through fibers.

你可以用光來建造量子電腦，也就是光子在光纖中傳播。

You can build it out of clouds of atoms that are suspended in a magnetic field and held in place and cooled down to near absolute zero by laser beams.

你可以用懸浮在磁場中、被雷射束固定並冷卻到接近絕對零度的原子雲來建造。

And those atoms, then they can be pumped with energy with other lasers, such that you put them into a quantum superposition of being in two energy states at the same time.

然後這些原子可以用其他雷射來泵浦能量，讓你將它們置於同時處於兩種能量狀態的量子疊加態。

So now you have clouds of atoms that form your quantum computer.

所以現在你就有了構成你量子電腦的原子雲。

You can have strings of atoms that are missing or have extra electrons.

你可以讓原子鏈缺少或多出電子。

So they're ions, they're electrically charged.

The fact they have electric charge means you can hold them in place Using electric and magnetic fields.

事實上它們帶有電荷，這意味著你可以用電場和磁場將它們固定住。

We don't know which is going to be the best one.

我們還不知道哪種會是最好的。

And then even when you build a quantum computer, what do you run on it?

然後，即使你建造了一臺量子電腦，你要在上面跑什麼呢？

What's the code that you write that's going to carry out a quantum computation?

你寫的程式碼，要如何執行量子計算呢？

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大自然或許已解開量子物理學家的難題？！吉姆·阿爾-哈利利 (Nature may have already solved the problem stumping quantum physicists | Jim Al-Khalili)

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