Name: 美國原住民歷史簡介：美國原住民歷史速成班第 1 集 (Introduction to Native American History: Ep 1 of Crash Course Native American History)
Uploaded: 2025-05-09T05:23:15.000Z
Duration: 12 min 48 s

Here's the year the stars fell, the year of mini buffalo, the year of whooping cough, the year of measles, the year of an eclipse, the year the white soldiers attacked, a year of peace, a year of war. This is a winter count. It's a record of 71 years of

這裡有星星隕落的年份、小水牛的年份、百日咳的年份、麻疹的年份、日食的年份、白人阿兵哥進攻的年份、和平的年份、戰爭的年份。這是一次冬季統計。這是 71 年的記錄

Yanktonite history. Each picture represents a notable event between first snowfalls.

揚克頓石的歷史。每張照片都代表了初雪之間的一個重要事件。

程度副詞

But this is just a snippet of a much larger timeline. Every tribe has one, a history that's deep, ongoing, and totally unique. And yet, they're all unified by one thing.

但這只是更大時間軸上的一個片段。每個部落都有自己的歷史，它深厚、持續且完全獨特。然而，它們都有一個共同點。

Hi, I'm Che Jim, and welcome to Crash Course Native American History.

大家好，我是切-吉姆，歡迎收看《美國原住民歷史速成班》。

First things first, there's no way we can tell the entire history of indigenous people in what's now the United States. But that doesn't mean we can't bridge some gaps and add a little complexity to common understandings. Maybe we'll even go crazy and fix some misunderstandings.

首先，我們不可能講述現在美國境內原住民的全部歷史。但這並不意味著我們不能彌合一些差距，為人們的普遍理解增加一點複雜性。也許，我們甚至可以瘋狂地消除一些誤解。

Studies have shown that across the board in US schools, students aren't getting much of an education when it comes to Native American history, not by a long shot. As one Navajo

研究表明，在美國的學校裡，學生們普遍沒有接受過什麼有關美國原住民歷史的教育，這一點並不明顯。正如一位納瓦霍人

Hopi student wrote in 2019, of the US history books used in my classroom, there are 307 pages, and only 10 pages talk about Natives. So yeah, this will be hard. And we won't cover everything, but we'll cover a lot of things. We hope to answer some big questions, leave you curious about others, and really blow your hair back with facts about how Native history has shaped our world today. So let's start with a word on words. There are over 500 Native tribes, also called nations, within the US alone. Some are recognized by the federal government, and some aren't. I'm a member of the Navajo Nation. Not to brag.

霍皮族學生在 2019 年寫道，在我的課堂上使用的美國曆史書中，有 307 頁，只有 10 頁談到了原住民。所以是的，這會很難。我們不會面面俱到，但會涉及很多內容。我們希望能回答一些大問題，讓你對其他問題充滿好奇，並用事實告訴你原住民的歷史如何塑造了我們今天的世界。讓我們從文字開始。僅在美國就有 500 多個原住民部落，也稱為民族。有些得到聯邦政府的承認，有些則沒有。我是納瓦霍部落的成員。不是吹牛。

But even that simple statement has layers of nuance. We call ourselves Diné, which means the people. Navajo is the name that came about thanks to Europeans. Some Diné folks use the term Navajo. Others prefer not to. It's a to-each-their-own situation. Throughout this series, I'll use specific Native nations' names. So if I'm talking about the Kickapoo, or the

但即使是這樣簡單的說法，也有很多細微的差別。我們自稱 Diné，意思是人民。納瓦霍（Navajo）是歐洲人給我們起的名字。一些迪內族人使用納瓦霍這個詞。其他人則不喜歡。這是一種各取所需的情況。在整個系列中，我將使用特定土著民族的名稱。是以，如果我說的是基卡普族，或

Hulapai, or the Chickahominy, you'll hear me say so with perfect pronunciation to boot.

胡拉帕伊（Hulapai）或奇卡霍明尼（Chickahominy），你會聽到我這樣說，而且發音非常標準。

Okay, I'll try my best. And I'll use the word Native, like, a lot. I might say Native folks, or Native people, but I'll also say Indigenous. That's the broadest term for people worldwide who's been living in a particular place since before settlers arrived. Like, for example, in the US, the Aleut, the Chumash, and the Kanaka Maoli? All Indigenous. But the Sámi in places like Norway, the Maya in places like Mexico and Guatemala, and the Ainu in Japan are also all Indigenous. And that way, we're kind of like cousins. Not by blood, more by vibes.

好吧，我會盡力的。我會經常用 "原住民 "這個詞。我可能會說 "原住民 "或 "原住民"，但我也會說 "土著"。這是最廣義的說法，指的是在定居者到來之前就生活在某個地方的人。比如，在美國，阿留申人、丘馬什人和卡納卡毛利人？都是原住民。但挪威等地的薩米人、墨西哥和瓜地馬拉等地的瑪雅人以及日本的阿伊努人也都是土著。這樣一來，我們就有點像表親了。沒有血緣關係，更多的是氛圍。

You'll also hear me say American Indian, a label that some Indigenous people embrace and others reject. Pro. It's been around for a long time. It's used in US laws, treaties, even the names of federal agencies like the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

你還會聽到我說美洲印第安人，一些土著人接受這個標籤，另一些則拒絕接受。親。這個標籤由來已久。美國法律、條約，甚至印第安人事務局等聯邦機構的名稱中都使用了這個詞。

Indian is also just a term older Native people like to use, especially around other Native people.

印第安人也只是年長的原住民喜歡用的一個詞，尤其是在其他原住民面前。

Con? This is not India, buddy. Another con? Even though any Native could self-identify as an American Indian, it doesn't officially include all Indigenous people. That's because the government only applies their term to members of federally recognized Native nations in the contiguous 48 states, but not Alaskan Natives or Native Hawaiians.

康？這裡不是印度，夥計。另一個問題？儘管任何原住民都可以自我認定為美國印第安人，但它並不正式包括所有原住民。這是因為政府只對聯邦承認的 48 個州內的原住民民族成員使用這一術語，而不包括阿拉斯加原住民或夏威夷原住民。

We'll talk a lot more about what it means to have federal recognition as well as the status of Natives in Alaska and Hawaii later in this series.

在本系列的後面，我們將詳細討論獲得聯邦承認的意義以及阿拉斯加和夏威夷原住民的地位。

For now, let's end this vocabulary lesson with Native American.

現在，讓我們以 "美洲原住民 "結束這節詞彙課。

This term came about in the 1960s as an alternative to American Indian.

這個詞出現於 20 世紀 60 年代，是美國印第安人的替代詞。

It's gained a lot of ground as a go-to option. But Native American has its own issues.

它作為一種可供選擇的方案，已經佔據了很大的市場份額。但美國本土也有自己的問題。

Like the Americas are all this business. Maybe even this. Possibly this too?

就像美洲人都在做這些事一樣。也許還有這個。可能還有這個？

But now we're getting wild. Of course, this term isn't preferred everywhere.

但現在我們變得狂野了。當然，並不是所有地方都喜歡用這個詞。

In Canada, many Indigenous people prefer to be called First Nations or First Peoples, one of the three categories alongside Inuit and Métis.

在加拿大，許多土著人更願意被稱為第一民族或原住民，這是與因紐特人和梅蒂斯人並列的三個類別之一。

In Spanish-speaking Latin America, many prefer Indígenas.

在講西班牙語的拉丁美洲，許多人更喜歡 "印第安人"。

So Native American isn't perfect, but it broadly describes Indigenous people within the U.S.

是以，"美國原住民 "並不完美，但它廣泛地描述了美國境內的原住民。

At the end of the day, how Natives choose to identify is very personal.

歸根結底，原住民如何選擇自己的身份是非常個人化的。

I call myself Indigenous. I also call myself handsome and brave every morning in front of the mirror.

我稱自己為土著。每天早上，我還會對著鏡子自稱英俊、勇敢。

Every Indigenous person has their own preferences when it comes to identity.

在身份認同方面，每個原住民都有自己的偏好。

Though, for the record, you're all brave and handsome.

不過，鄭重聲明，你們都很勇敢、英俊。

The point is, there are no definitive rules on Indigenous terminology.

問題是，土著術語並沒有明確的規定。

There couldn't be. Like, remember how I said there are hundreds of

不可能有。比如，記得我說過有幾百個

Native nations inside the U.S. alone? Well, even that's complicated.

僅僅是美國境內的原住民？即使是這樣也很複雜。

About 40 Native nations today have territory split in half by the U.S. border.

如今，約有 40 個土著民族的領土被美國邊界一分為二。

Like the Ganiye-Gahaga or Mohawk Nation of Akwesasne to the north, or the Tohono O'odham Nation to the south.

比如北邊的加尼耶-加哈加（Ganiye-Gahaga）或阿克維薩斯內的莫霍克族（Mohawk Nation of Akwesasne），或者南邊的託霍諾-奧德漢姆族（Tohono O'odham）。

And many, many, many Native nations like the Ho-Chunk were forced away from their ancestral homelands and live in a totally different region today.

許多、許多、許多土著民族，如霍-錢克族（Ho-Chunk），被迫離開了他們祖先的家園，如今生活在完全不同的地區。

But with just 24 episodes, we needed to narrow down so we have room to go deep.

但由於只有 24 集，我們需要縮小範圍，以便有足夠的空間進行深入挖掘。

So that's why we'll be focusing mainly on the history of Native peoples in the United States, and that's why we're calling this series Native American History.

是以，我們將主要關注美國原住民的歷史，這也是我們將本系列稱為 "美國原住民歷史 "的原因。

I fought for the name, A Brave and Handsome History of Native America, but that was not successful.

我爭取到了《勇敢英俊的美洲原住民史》這個名字，但沒有成功。

Which brings me to the paradox at the heart of Native American history.

這讓我想到了美洲原住民歷史的核心悖論。

On the one hand, there are tons of Native nations with their own unique histories, their own timelines. There is no single history that we can call Native American history.

一方面，有數不清的土著民族擁有自己獨特的歷史和時間線。我們無法將單一的歷史稱為美國原住民歷史。

On the other hand, Native nations share some common experiences.

另一方面，土著民族也有一些共同的經歷。

Though they've happened in different ways, times, and places, those common experiences are a result of settler colonialism, a force that binds Native histories together.

雖然發生的方式、時間和地點不同，但這些共同的經歷都是殖民者殖民主義的結果，是一股將原住民歷史聯繫在一起的力量。

Remember back in the intro when I said that there's one thing that unites our histories?

還記得我在前言中說過，有一件事將我們的歷史聯繫在一起嗎？

This is that thing! Let me break it down.

這就是那件事！讓我來解釋一下。

That's where one nation exerts control over another nation and its resources without becoming part of that nation themselves.

這就是一個國家對另一個國家及其資源實施控制，而自己卻不成為這個國家的一部分。

For example, colonialism describes what happened when the British took over Nigeria in the 19th century, ruling indirectly through local leaders and getting rich off palm oil.

例如，殖民主義描述的是 19 世紀英國佔領尼日利亞時發生的事情，英國通過當地領導人間接統治尼日利亞，並靠棕櫚油發家致富。

Nigerians still lived there, but their lives were never the same.

尼日利亞人仍然生活在那裡，但他們的生活已面目全非。

The settler part takes this a step beyond.

The goal of settler colonialism is to remove and erase the people already living in a place so that a new group can move in instead.

定居者殖民主義的目的是清除已經生活在一個地方的人，讓一個新的群體取代他們。

And this isn't just describing a single historical event or person.

這不僅僅是在描述單一的歷史事件或人物。

Settler colonialism describes a system, and the history of the whole United States was shaped by this system.

定居殖民主義描述的是一種制度，整個美國的歷史就是由這種制度塑造的。

It's the underlying logic behind centuries of wars, treaties, policies, and laws that affect Native people's lives to this day.

這是數百年來影響土著居民生活至今的戰爭、條約、政策和法律背後的基本邏輯。

That system is part of the reason why basically any question that seems to be simple is going to be complicated.

這就是為什麼任何看似簡單的問題基本上都會變得複雜的部分原因。

Well, before settlers arrived in North America, nobody here called themselves Indian or a Native American.

在定居者來到北美之前，這裡沒有人自稱印第安人或美洲原住民。

But in the 19th century, the federal government created a new single Native identity, lumping all Native people together as a single race.

但在 19 世紀，聯邦政府創造了一種新的單一原住民身份，將所有原住民歸為一個種族。

Suddenly, in the words of High School Musical's Troy Bolton, we were all in this together.

突然之間，用《高中音樂劇》的特洛伊-博爾頓的話說，我們都在一起了。

The government created records of tribal members and assigned each person a blood quantum, or perceived fraction of Indian blood.

政府建立了部落成員的記錄，併為每個人分配了血量，即印第安人血統的可感知部分。

The idea was that over time, children born to Native families would have lower and lower blood quantums.

當時的想法是，隨著時間的推移，原住民家庭所生孩子的血量會越來越低。

Thinking of Indian blood as something that could be diluted down to zero over generations served the goal of eliminating Native people.

將印第安人的血統視為可以通過幾代人稀釋為零的東西，有助於實現消滅原住民的目標。

首先，他們的土地可以被徵用。

And second, to eventually relieve the federal government of its treaty and trust obligations to Natives.

第二，最終解除聯邦政府對土著人的條約和信託義務。

但是，你好，你好，我們還在這裡。

As of the 2020 US Census, about 9.7 million people, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as American Indian or Alaskan Native.

截至 2020 年美國人口普查，約有 970 萬人（佔總人口的 2.9%）自我認同為美國印第安人或阿拉斯加原住民。

Though this, too, is, wait for it, complicated.

It's not clear how many of those people were enrolled tribal members, members of tribes the federal government doesn't recognize, or even just people who've heard family stories about their great-great-grandma being a Cherokee princess.

目前還不清楚這些人中有多少是登記在冊的部落成員，有多少是聯邦政府不承認的部落成員，甚至有多少人只是聽家裡人說自己的曾曾祖母是切諾基公主。

Anyway, we'll talk much more about Native identity in Episode 4.

總之，我們會在第 4 集裡詳細討論原住民身份問題。

For now, let's talk about what we mean by the history part of Native American history.

現在，讓我們來談談美洲原住民歷史的歷史部分是什麼意思。

The past five centuries have had an enormous impact on Native nations.

過去的五個世紀對土著民族產生了巨大的影響。

But also, the past five centuries are just a blip.

但同時，過去的五個世紀也只是曇花一現。

We often use the phrase, since time immemorial, or the beginning of time itself, to describe Natives' deep and ongoing presence on this continent.

我們經常用 "自古以來 "或 "時間之初 "來形容原住民在這片大陸上深厚而持續的存在。

We're the descendants of the first inhabitants.

We've been here continuously for thousands of years.

我們已經在這裡生活了數千年。

Don't make me math the math on how many generations that is.

別讓我算一算這是幾代人的事。

But when Native American history does get told, it's usually in a way that begins in 1492 and ends in the late 1800s.

但是，在講述美洲原住民歷史時，通常都是從 1492 年開始，到 19 世紀末結束。

Which might give you the impression that history didn't really begin until Europeans showed up.

這可能會讓你覺得，直到歐洲人出現，歷史才真正開始。

Or that what happened before is unknowable.

或者說，之前發生的事情是不可知的。

Or that Native Americans were mere extras in an A-list drama of the United States.

或者說，美國原住民只是美國 A 級電視劇中的臨時演員。

And we mysteriously vanished by the 20th century, only a brief blurb on the nation's IMDb page.

到了 20 世紀，我們神祕地消失了，只在國家的 IMDb 頁面上留下了簡短的介紹。

The past before European contact is not unknowable.

與歐洲人接觸之前的過去並非不可知。

Native peoples' oral traditions hold knowledge of the past.

原住民的口述傳統蘊含著過去的知識。

Like, for generations, the Klamath people have passed down a story about a long-ago volcano that erupted and filled with water, becoming what's now Crater Lake.

比如，克拉馬斯人世世代代都流傳著一個故事，說的是很久以前有一座火山爆發，火山裡充滿了水，變成了現在的火山口湖。

而這種關於遠古火山爆發的記憶呢？

That was about 1,500 years before anyone even started building Stonehenge.

這比人們開始建造巨石陣還要早大約 1500 年。

Our ancestors were very skilled at gossip.

Which is why we'll include stuff that happened before 1492.

這就是為什麼我們要把 1492 年之前發生的事情包括進來。

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美國原住民歷史簡介：美國原住民歷史速成班第 1 集 (Introduction to Native American History: Ep 1 of Crash Course Native American History)

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