Name: 文藝復興簡史 | 5 分鐘 (Brief History of the Renaissance | 5 MINUTES)
Uploaded: 2025-04-15T13:33:04.000Z
Duration: 5 min 16 s

分詞構句

We're talking about a period of European history mainly taking place in Italy from the 14th to the 16th century, bridging the gap between the Middle Ages and modern day civilization.

我們所說的歐洲歷史時期主要發生在 14 至 16 世紀的意大利，是中世紀與現代文明之間的橋樑。

The word Renaissance means rebirth, in this case the rebirth of the classical Greek and Roman arts and philosophy following the Middle Ages, an era often branded as a time of war, cultural decline, and pandemics such as the Black Death.

文藝復興一詞的意思是重生，這裡指的是希臘和羅馬古典藝術和哲學在中世紀之後的重生，中世紀往往被打上戰爭、文化衰落和黑死病等大流行病的烙印。

Humanism was really at the heart of the Renaissance, a philosophy inspired by classical Greek and Roman texts celebrating human creativity, individual achievement in different fields, and promoting the idea that man was the center of his own universe, not God.

人文主義是文藝復興的真正核心，這種哲學受到希臘和羅馬古典文獻的啟發，頌揚人類的創造力和個人在不同領域的成就，並宣揚人而不是上帝才是自己宇宙的中心。

This new mindset contrasted with medieval philosophy which centered on the divine and on following the rules set forth by the Catholic Church as God's plan.

這種新思維與中世紀哲學形成鮮明對比，中世紀哲學的核心是神性和遵循天主教會制定的規則，即上帝的計劃。

The Renaissance started in Florence, Italy, which became very wealthy thanks to trade with the Ottoman Empire, the biggest economic power in the region.

文藝復興起源於意大利的佛羅倫薩，由於與該地區最大的經濟強國奧斯曼帝國進行貿易，佛羅倫薩變得非常富裕。

Theories accounting for the origins of the Renaissance include the reintroduction of classical texts to Italy through the immigration of scholars following the fall of Constantinople, and through returning crusaders who had encountered advanced Muslim civilizations that had kept copies and translations.

關於文藝復興起源的理論包括：君士坦丁堡陷落後，學者們移居意大利，古典文獻重新傳入意大利；回國的十字軍遇到了保存有副本和譯本的先進穆斯林文明。

Also, members of the powerful and wealthy Medici family of Florence were famous backers of the movement and supported public art for recognition, for the love of beauty, and also to legitimize their wealth.

此外，佛羅倫薩強大而富有的美第奇家族成員也是這場運動的著名支持者，他們支持公共藝術是為了獲得認可、熱愛美，也是為了使自己的財富合法化。

The movement later expanded to other Italian city-states such as Venice, Milan, Rome, and then throughout Western and Northern Europe by scholars such as Dutch philosopher Erasmus.

這一運動後來擴展到意大利其他城邦，如威尼斯、米蘭、羅馬，然後由荷蘭哲學家伊拉斯謨等學者擴展到整個西歐和北歐。

Thanks to the development of printing by Gothenburg and Europe, little-known texts from early humanist authors such as Petrarch were distributed to the masses as literature rose as an important aspect of everyday life.

得益於哥德堡和歐洲印刷術的發展，早期人文主義作家（如彼特拉克）鮮為人知的作品被傳播到大眾手中，文學逐漸成為日常生活的一個重要方面。

Dante's Divine Comedy, Machiavelli's Prince, and Shakespeare's Hamlet were some of the most notable pieces of literature of the Renaissance.

但丁的《神曲》、馬基雅維利的《王子》和莎士比亞的《哈姆雷特》是文藝復興時期最著名的文學作品。

Perhaps the most prominent feature of the Renaissance was the furthering of the arts.

文藝復興最突出的特點可能就是藝術的發展。

The apex of artistic talent came later during the High Renaissance in the form of Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo who were supported by the Medici family.

文藝復興時期，達文西、拉斐爾和米開朗基羅的藝術才華達到頂峰，他們都得到了美第奇家族的支持。

Their paintings and sculptures featured anatomically accurate human bodies in complex poses, dramatic and emotional compositions, naturalistic depictions of space, and intellectually sophisticated subject matter.

他們的繪畫和雕塑作品以解剖學上準確的人體複雜姿勢、戲劇化的情感構圖、自然主義的空間描繪以及智慧的複雜主題為特色。

Notable examples include the Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, The Statue of David, The Birth of Venus, and The Creation of Adam.

著名的作品包括《蒙娜麗莎》、《最後的晚餐》、《大衛雕像》、《維納斯的誕生》和《創造亞當》。

The most prevalent societal change during the Renaissance was the fall of feudalism and the rise of a capitalist market economy.

文藝復興時期最普遍的社會變革是封建主義的衰落和資本主義市場經濟的興起。

Increased trade and the labor shortage caused by the Black Death gave rise to something of a middle class as workers started demanding wages and better living conditions.

貿易的增長和黑死病造成的勞動力短缺催生了中產階級，工人們開始要求工資和更好的生活條件。

The development of a middle class and the rise of humanism encouraged Europeans to question the role of the Catholic Church and caused its influence to wane.

中產階級的發展和人文主義的興起促使歐洲人質疑天主教會的作用，並導致其影響力減弱。

In such context, a German monk named Martin Luther challenged many of the practices of the Church like nepotism and the selling of indulgences, and led the Protestant Reformation, a revolutionary movement that caused a split in the Catholic Church.

在這種背景下，一位名叫馬丁-路德的德國修道士挑戰了教會的許多做法，如裙帶關係和出售贖罪券，並上司了新教改革，這場革命運動導致了天主教會的分裂。

To break Ottoman dominance over access to India and the Far East, Europeans were eager to explore new trade routes for gold and spices.

為了打破奧斯曼帝國對印度和遠東地區的控制，歐洲人急於探索新的黃金和香料貿易路線。

In the Age of Exploration, Columbus discovered the Americas in 1492 and Magellan became the first person to successfully circumnavigate the globe in the early 1500s.

在探索時代，哥倫布於 1492 年發現了美洲，麥哲倫於 15 世紀初成為第一個成功環球航行的人。

Placing the sun at the center of the solar system rather than the Earth was a major breakthrough in the history of science by Polish astronomer Copernicus, though his book was banned by the Catholic Church.

波蘭天文學家哥白尼將太陽而非地球置於太陽系的中心，這是科學史上的一項重大突破，儘管他的書被天主教會禁止。

Galileo Galilei later also found evidence for a heliocentric solar system, in addition to improving the telescope and conducting experiments that paved the way for Newton's discoveries about gravity.

伽利略後來還找到了日心太陽系的證據，此外，他還改進了望遠鏡並進行了實驗，為牛頓發現萬有引力鋪平了道路。

By the early 17th century, the Renaissance movement had died out for different reasons, including the invasion of Italian territories by neighboring powers and the Catholic Church's censorship of artists and writers in response to the Protestant Reformation, as well as the establishment of the Inquisition which made any views that challenged the Church an act of heresy punishable by death.

到 17 世紀初，文藝復興運動因各種原因而消亡，其中包括鄰國對意大利領土的入侵、天主教會為應對新教改革而對藝術家和作家進行的審查，以及宗教裁判所的建立，該機構將任何挑戰教會的觀點視為異端行為，可處以死刑。

Many historians prefer to think of the Renaissance as an arts and cultural movement rather than a historical period that is distinct from the Middle Ages, since there are no clear dividing lines between the two periods.

許多歷史學家更願意將文藝復興視為一場藝術和文化運動，而不是一個有別於中世紀的歷史時期，因為這兩個時期之間沒有明顯的分界線。

Also, most historians claim the Renaissance was only experienced by the very rich, whereas for the vast majority of Europeans who were peasants, it was not really a thing.

此外，大多數歷史學家聲稱，只有非常富有的人才會經歷文藝復興，而對於絕大多數身為農民的歐洲人來說，文藝復興其實並不存在。

The reason we study the Renaissance so much is not because it was so central to the 15th century, but because it matters to us now, because of the legacy of humanism and individualism that strongly influenced the Euro-American world ever since.

我們之所以如此研究文藝復興，並不是因為它在 15 世紀是如此重要，而是因為它現在對我們很重要，因為人文主義和個人主義的遺產從那時起一直強烈影響著歐美世界。