Name: 邪惡的羅馬皇帝腓特烈二世3：救世主還是反基督者 | 歐洲歷史 | 附加歷史 (The Unholy Roman Emperor Frederick II 3: Savior or Antichrist | European History | Extra History)
Uploaded: 2025-02-24T17:00:01.000Z
Duration: 17 min 23 s

Two prisoners exit the dungeon, squinting in a light they haven't known for what feels like ages.

兩名囚犯走出地牢，眯著眼睛看著他們感覺好久不見的光線。

進階被動語態

They're being led into the banquet hall of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, and what they find there shocks them.

他們被帶入神聖羅馬帝國皇帝腓特烈二世的宴會廳，在那裡他們發現了令他們震驚的東西。

Just piles of food, the kind they've dreamed of ever since they were locked away and fed only bread and water.

只有成堆的食物，自從他們被關起來，只能吃到麵包和水後，就一直夢想著這種食物。

So they tear into the meat, into confections, into vegetables, into desserts, and then once they've had their fill, their jailers are issued new orders.

是以，他們撕咬肉類、點心、蔬菜、甜點，一旦他們吃飽了，獄卒就會下達新的命令。

They put one of the prisoners in a soft bed, ordering him to sleep, and they bring the other prisoner outside and send him on a vigorous hunt.

他們把其中一名囚犯放在軟床上，命令他睡覺，然後把另一名囚犯帶到外面，讓他去大力狩獵。

Hours later, both prisoners are back in the dungeon.

幾小時後，兩名囚犯都回到了地牢。

But this time, the Emperor himself is before them.

但這一次，皇帝本人就在他們面前。

This ruler, expelled from the grace of God, declared a precursor to the Antichrist and a man known for his interest in biology.

這位被逐出上帝恩典的統治者被宣佈為反基督者的先驅，他以對生物學的興趣而聞名。

On one side of him, an executioner, and on the other, a doctor.

他的一邊是劊子手，另一邊是醫生。

At his word, the executioner steps forward, killing one prisoner, then the other.

聽了他的話，劊子手走上前去，先殺死一個囚犯，然後又殺死另一個。

And once the deed is done, the doctor begins his work, cutting into the men's entrails.

事成之後，醫生就開始了他的工作，切開這些人的內臟。

Emperor Frederick leans forward, fascinated, seeing which man has digested better, the one who exercised or the one who rested.

腓特烈皇帝目不轉睛地盯著前方，想看看運動的人和休息的人哪個消化得更好。

For he is a man of unlimited curiosity, unlimited power, and endless rootlessness.

因為他有無限的好奇心、無限的權力和無盡的無根性。

Thanks so much to Incogni for helping to keep people's personal data personal.

非常感謝 Incogni 幫助保持人們個人數據的私密性。

The troops pledged to Gregory the Ninth, the ones marching south and seizing ports across the peninsula, where the crossed keys of the papacy.

向格雷戈裡九世效忠的軍隊正在向南進軍，奪取半島上的港口，那裡有教皇的十字鑰匙。

This symbol represents Gregory having power over both heaven and earth, and that's what this war, the one they call the War of the Crossed Keys, is all about.

這個符號代表著格里高利擁有統治天地的力量，而這也正是這場戰爭--他們稱之為 "十字鑰匙之戰"--的意義所在。

For his spiritual power had not been enough to contain Emperor Frederick.

因為他的精神力量不足以遏制腓特烈皇帝。

Gregory had previously excommunicated the vile emperor, and yet he had gone on crusade anyway.

格里高利曾將這位卑鄙的皇帝逐出教會，但他還是去討伐了。

Then, in retaliation for the excommunication, Frederick's lords had invaded papal territory.

隨後，為了報復驅逐令，腓特烈的領主們入侵了教皇的領地。

Gregory then responded with an alliance with the Lombard League and invaded Frederick's territory, funded by money donated from as far away as with all of the backing of the papacy, and fueled by a rumor that Frederick was actually dead.

格里高利隨即與倫巴第聯盟結盟，入侵了腓特烈的領土，入侵的資金來自遠方的捐款和教皇的所有支持，而 "腓特烈已死 "的謠言更是火上澆油。

The Northern Italian Alliance had swept all challengers before it, and it only had not captured Sicily because the troops were now exhausted and low on funds.

意大利北方聯盟橫掃了面前的所有挑戰者，之所以沒有攻佔西西里島，只是因為部隊已經精疲力竭，資金短缺。

Which is when Frederick returned to Italy, very much alive, with an army of crusaders, and the Pope's tired forces scattered before the might of the Holy Roman Emperor.

這時，腓特烈帶著一支十字軍回到了意大利，他還活著，教皇疲憊的軍隊在神聖羅馬帝國皇帝的威力面前四散奔逃。

Frederick was furious, for Gregory had senselessly undermined the Sixth Crusade, releasing knights of their vows to fight for him.

腓特烈勃然大怒，因為格里高利毫無意義地破壞了第六次十字軍東征，讓騎士們放棄誓言為他而戰。

And though many didn't listen, Gregory had turned the Templars and Hospitallars against him, and tried unsuccessfully to convince the German nobles to strip his title of Holy Roman Emperor.

儘管很多人不聽勸阻，格里高利還是讓聖殿騎士團和好望角騎士團反對他，並試圖說服德意志貴族剝奪他神聖羅馬帝國皇帝的頭銜，但沒有成功。

Now he must take his lands back by force.

現在，他必須用武力奪回自己的土地。

After five months of fighting, Frederick finally reaches the borders of the Papal States and opens negotiations.

經過五個月的戰鬥，弗雷德裡克終於抵達教皇國邊境，並開始談判。

The resulting treaty reversed Frederick's communication, as well as all other acts Gregory had used to target him.

由此產生的條約撤銷了弗雷德裡克的通信，以及格里高利用來針對他的所有其他行為。

In return, Frederick recognized Papal State territories, and surrendered the authority he had over the church in Sicily.

作為回報，腓特烈承認了教皇國的領土，並交出了他在西西里對教會的權力。

Any of his subjects who took arms against him at the Pope's instigation were also absolved.

任何在教皇唆使下拿起武器反抗他的臣民也會被赦免。

Now, clearly, this chaos that had happened in his absence was a problem, but one that Frederick could fix if he called upon his favorite thing, reform.

很顯然，他不在時發生的混亂是個問題，但弗雷德裡克可以通過他最喜歡的 "改革 "來解決這個問題。

In 1231, Frederick revamped the administration and bureaucracy with an eye towards absolutist monarchy, a realm governed directly by Frederick, who was God's representative on earth.

1231 年，腓特烈對行政和官僚機構進行了改革，著眼於專制君主制，即由腓特烈直接統治的王國，他是上帝在人間的代表。

The results of which were the Constitutions of Melfi, issued in 1231.

其成果就是 1231 年頒佈的《梅爾菲憲法》。

This was a wide-ranging reform of Sicilian domains that diminished the powers of nobles and cities, instead setting up a pyramid of secular bureaucrats and ministers directly loyal to the Emperor.

這是對西西里領地的一次大範圍改革，削弱了貴族和城市的權力，轉而建立了一個由直接效忠於皇帝的世俗官僚和大臣組成的金字塔。

These edicts also established equality before the law, made priests subject to civil law, insisted on public evidence-based trials, and banned judicial practices like trial by fire or trial by combat, which Frederick labeled as superstitious.

這些法令還確立了法律面前人人平等的原則，規定牧師必須服從民法，堅持以證據為基礎的公開審判，並禁止被弗雷德裡克稱為迷信的火刑審判或格鬥審判等司法實踐。

It's generally believed that Frederick wrote these himself.

人們普遍認為這是弗雷德裡克自己寫的。

But these were for Sicily specifically, and not the Holy Roman Empire.

但這些都是專門針對西西里島的，而不是神聖羅馬帝國。

See, Frederick's northern lands were more complicated, carved up into various states run by princes, causing Frederick's personal lands and imperial territory to be disconnected and surrounded.

你看，腓特烈的北方土地更加複雜，被分割成了由王公管理的各個州，導致腓特烈的個人土地和帝國領土被割裂和包圍。

Germany, if anything, needed a light touch, so as not to disturb what was essentially the treasure chest and recruiting ground that helped fuel Frederick's wars over the Italian territory he actually cared about.

如果說德國需要什麼的話，那就是輕描淡寫，以免擾亂腓特烈對他真正關心的意大利領土進行戰爭的寶庫和徵兵場所。

And it was currently, nominally, under control of his son, Henry VII, who did not have a light touch.

目前，它名義上由他的兒子亨利七世控制，但亨利七世也不是省油的燈。

In fact, the ink on the Constitutions of Melfi had barely dried before Henry declared that his father had no authority over him and started pushing aggressive political policy against the princes of the Holy Roman Empire.

事實上，《梅爾菲憲法》的墨跡還未乾，亨利就宣佈他的父親對他沒有權力，並開始對神聖羅馬帝國的王公們推行侵略性的政治政策。

In fact, it was so aggressive that those princes rose up, turned the tables on Henry, and forced him to agree to a document ceding them a number of previously royal rights.

事實上，這些王子們是如此咄咄逼人，以至於他們奮起反抗，與亨利反目成仇，並迫使亨利同意了一份文件，將之前的一些王室權利讓給了他們。

The princes could now mint their own coins, see how that went wrong in our 30 Years War series, levy tolls for crossing their land, build and improve fortresses without permission, and had to approve new imperial legislation.

王公們現在可以鑄造自己的錢幣（請參閱我們的 "30 年戰爭 "系列），可以對穿越其土地的人徵收過路費，可以未經許可建造和改進要塞，還必須準許新的帝國立法。

Frederick recalled Henry to Italy and gave him a dressing down before sending him back home.

弗雷德裡克將亨利召回意大利，在送他回國前對他進行了一番訓斥。

However, he also confirmed the new agreement.

After all, he had to keep the princes happy.

But as soon as Henry was back in Germany, he was up to his old tricks again.

但亨利一回到德國，又開始故伎重演。

He instigated more chaos by intervening in multiple disputes with princes and prince-bishops, then rebelled against his father again.

他多次介入與王子和主教的爭端，挑起了更大的混亂，隨後又再次反叛父親。

Frederick, in response, publicly censured his eldest son and encouraged Pope Gregory to excommunicate him in preparation for a military invasion.

作為迴應，腓特烈公開譴責了他的長子，並慫恿教皇格里高利將他逐出教會，為軍事入侵做準備。

Except when Frederick came across the Alps to spank his son, it wasn't with an army, but rather a menagerie of animals.

只不過，當弗雷德裡克越過阿爾卑斯山來打他兒子屁股的時候，並不是帶著一支軍隊，而是帶著一群動物。

Giraffes, lynxes, zebras, monkeys, with baggage carried by camels he'd brought back from Crusade.

長頸鹿、猞猁、斑馬、猴子，還有他從十字軍東征帶回的駱駝馱著的行李。

And at this brazen display of power and bravado, the rebellion just sort of melted.

在這種厚顏無恥的權力和炫耀面前，叛亂就這樣被融化了。

I mean, it kind of makes sense when you think about it.

我的意思是，你仔細想想就會明白。

To come all this way with your court of exotic beasts and just expect the local lords to support you?

帶著一群異獸大老遠跑來，就指望當地的領主支持你們？

I mean, that kind of confidence is pretty much better than any army.

我的意思是，這種自信比任何軍隊都強。

Henry capitulated and Frederick had him locked up for the rest of his life, perhaps due to his rebellion, or perhaps as a quarantine, since he'd somehow contracted leprosy.

亨利投降了，腓特烈把他關了起來，也許是因為他的叛亂，也許是為了隔離，因為他不知怎麼得了麻風病。

Henry died a decade later in a bizarre accident where, being moved between prisons, he fell off his horse into a convenient ravine.

十年後，亨利死於一場離奇的事故，他在監獄之間轉移時，從馬上跌落到了一個方便的峽谷中。

In the wake of Henry's rebellion, Frederick also pushed through a reform program in the Holy Roman Empire, granting princes more responsibility in local government to make it easier for Frederick to rule from afar, which was a sign of strength not weakness.

亨利叛亂後，腓特烈還在神聖羅馬帝國推行了一項改革計劃，賦予王公們更多的地方政府責任，使腓特烈更容易進行遠距離統治，這是實力而非軟弱的象徵。

For Frederick was massively popular in Germany and essentially never wanted to come here again.

因為弗雷德裡克在德國大受歡迎，基本上再也不想來這裡了。

So, by 1237, he had installed his nine-year-old son Conrad as the new king of the Romans to replace Henry, and with that all tied up, it was back to what he cared about.

是以，到 1237 年，他擁立自己九歲的兒子康拉德為羅馬人的新國王，取代了亨利。

He needed to invade northern Italy and pacify the nobles of the Lombard League, who previously sided with Gregory and refused to submit.

他需要入侵意大利北部，安撫倫巴第聯盟的貴族們，這些貴族之前站在格里高利一邊，拒絕屈服。

Though it was the toughest part of the empire, the area where Frederick held the least territory, city-states were strong, and where Gregory held major sway.

雖然這裡是帝國最艱苦的地區，也是腓特烈擁有領土最少的地區，但城邦林立，格里高利在這裡擁有很大的影響力。

Frederick crossed from Germany to Italy in late 1238, spreading rumors that he planned to winter his army before any major assault.

1238 年末，腓特烈從德國來到意大利，散佈謠言說他計劃在發動大規模進攻前讓軍隊過冬。

Scouts indicated via smoke signals when the Lombard armies left their defensive positions and his army pounced, destroying them under hails of arrows from his Muslim archers and charges of Teutonic Knights.

當倫巴第軍隊離開防禦陣地時，斥候會通過煙霧信號發出信號，然後他的軍隊就會撲上去，在穆斯林弓箭手的箭雨和條頓騎士的衝鋒下摧毀他們。

When Frederick marched into the first city he'd conquered, he did so in a triumph led by his pet elephant, drawing the city-states' militia cart hung with captured military banners, and standing atop it was the League's defeated commander.

當弗雷德裡克進軍他征服的第一座城市時，他是在他的寵物大象的帶領下凱旋的，大象拉著城邦的民兵車，車上掛著繳獲的軍旗，站在車頂的是聯盟的戰敗指揮官。

After that spectacle, however, things did start to bog down in the conflict.

然而，在這一壯觀場面之後，衝突開始陷入僵局。

The cities of northern Italy provided more resistance than anticipated, especially after Gregory now openly threw in on their side.

意大利北部城市的抵抗比預想的要激烈，尤其是在格里高利公開站在他們一邊之後。

And then, basically, Frederick and Gregory used all their interrupt cards at the same time.

然後，弗雷德裡克和格里高利基本上同時使用了他們所有的中斷卡。

For his first reaction, Frederick played Invade the Papal States.

弗雷德裡克的第一反應是 "入侵教皇國"。

Then, in response to Invade the Papal States, Gregory played Excommunicate.

然後，為了迴應 "入侵教皇國"，格里高利玩起了 "逐出教會"。

Then, in response to Excommunicate that was a response to Invade the Papal States, Frederick played Besiege Rome.

然後，作為對 "入侵教皇國"（Invade the Papal States）的迴應，腓特烈又玩起了 "圍攻羅馬"（Besiege Rome）。

And I know this stack is getting complicated, but just follow me here.

我知道這堆東西越來越複雜，但請跟我來。

And then, in response to Frederick playing Besieged Rome, in response to Gregory playing Excommunicate, in response to Frederick playing Invade the Papal States, Gregory slaps down Die of Spite.

腓特烈玩起了 "圍困羅馬"，格里高利玩起了 "逐出教會"，腓特烈玩起了 "入侵教皇國"。

Natural causes, but probably stress or manipul related.

自然原因，但可能與壓力或操縱有關。

Leaving Frederick with the only card he could play, go back to Sicily.

腓特烈只剩下回西西里這一張牌可打。

Because in all his diplomacy, he'd claimed that his beef was with Gregory and not with the papacy itself.

因為在所有的外交活動中，他都聲稱他的敵人是格里高利，而不是教皇本身。

And now that old Papa Greg was dead, well, there really was no political cover to add Rome to his empire.

現在格雷格老爹死了，也就沒有了將羅馬加入他的帝國的政治理由。

But the election of the next Pope took a while, because there was a Europe-wide crisis.

但下一任教皇的選舉花了一段時間，因為當時整個歐洲都面臨危機。

See, the Mongols at this point had just smashed into Hungary and Poland.

瞧，此時的蒙古人剛剛攻入匈牙利和波蘭。

And while they never ended up going further into Europe, the continent-wide freakout let Frederick, the guy who'd probably lead any military response, position himself as the defender of Christendom.

雖然他們最終沒有進一步進入歐洲，但全歐範圍的騷亂讓弗雷德裡克，這個可能會上司任何軍事行動的人，將自己定位為基督教的捍衛者。

But that wasn't the only thing raising his prestige, for Frederick's court was gaining fame as a bit of a wonderland.

但這並不是唯一能提高他聲望的事情，因為腓特烈的宮廷作為一個仙境正聲名鵲起。

His supporters called him the Stupermundi, the marvel of the world, and he surrounded himself with intellectuals, from poets and mathematicians to astrologers and academics.

他的支持者稱他為 "世界奇蹟"（Stupermundi），他的周圍都是知識分子，有詩人、數學家、占星家和學者。

Fibonacci, the greatest Western mathematician of the Middle Ages, known for popularizing the Hindu-Arabic number system in Europe, and discovering the sequence named after him, was a guest there.

中世紀最偉大的西方數學家斐波那契（Fibonacci），因在歐洲推廣印度-阿拉伯數制而聞名，並發現了以他的名字命名的數列。

Plus, Jewish and Muslim scholars worked in his orbit, and his finance minister was African.

此外，猶太學者和穆斯林學者在他的軌道上工作，他的財政部長是非洲人。

He heavily sponsored poets writing in Sicilian, spurring literary developments that would give birth to the sonnet, and impacting the literary language of Italy that would eventually help shape modern Italian.

他大力資助詩人用西西里語寫作，推動了文學的發展，催生了十四行詩，並影響了意大利的文學語言，最終幫助塑造了現代意大利語。

Oh, but when they all wrote, they didn't do it on scraped sheepskin vellum.

哦，但他們寫作時，都不是在刮過羊皮的牛皮紙上寫的。

Oh, no, because Frederick's court in Palermo was the first in Europe to adopt paper.

哦，不，因為腓特烈在巴勒莫的宮廷是歐洲第一個採用紙張的宮廷。

Not to mention, Frederick personally was a writer himself, specifically an early naturalist.

更不用說，弗雷德裡克本人也是一位作家，特別是早期的博物學家。

His lifelong work was a huge illustrated treatise titled, On Hunting with Birds, which on the surface is a book about falconry.

他畢生的作品是一本圖文並茂的鉅著《論獵鳥》，從表面上看，這是一本關於獵鷹的書。

But when you dig into it, also categorizes bird varieties, falcon anatomy, their behaviors, their diet, their prey, and other scientific observations.

但是，當你深入研究時，它還對鳥類品種、獵鷹解剖、行為、飲食、獵物以及其他科學觀察進行了分類。

Though, there was a supposedly dark side to that.

As we showed in the introduction, there are stories from the period claiming that Frederick performed horrific human experiments.

正如我們在導言中所述，當時有一些故事聲稱弗雷德裡克進行了可怕的人體實驗。