privatization
US /ˌpraɪvətaɪ'zeɪʃn/
・UK /ˌpraɪvətaɪ'zeɪʃn/
B1 中級
n. (u.)不可數名詞私有化
I am against the privatization of schools, because the government can do a better job
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Zeitgeist:增編(2008年) (Zeitgeist: Addendum (2008))
03:00
- Privatization of state-owned enterprises.
我們經濟殺手是第一道防線
Zeitgeist:增編(最後剪輯) (Zeitgeist: Addendum (Final Cut))
03:08
- Privatization of state-owned enterprises.
我們經濟殺手是第一道防線
澳洲的壟斷危機，就藏在你我眼前！ (Australia’s Monopoly Is Hidden in Plain Sight)
23:30
- In the end, privatization hadn't unleashed competition.
說到底，民營化並沒有帶來競爭。
冠狀病毒。印度是否缺乏適當的疫苗接種策略？| 新聞 (Coronavirus: Is India lacking a proper vaccination strategy? | DW News)
09:24
- And I think it will be certainly the case that they will be included on disses upto also the states to ensure when they do the registration for a spot of the privatization exercise.
我認為，在各州進行私有化登記時，肯定會將其納入私有化的範圍。
- I think though the question is going to be one off equity if you have a privatization exercise in the government sector, and you have to go through that channel on Wait for your turn.
我覺得雖然問題要一關股權，如果你在政府部門有一個私有化的工作，你要通過這個管道在等你。
世界的氦氣問題：我們何時會用完？ (The World's Helium Problem: When Will We Run Out?)
08:59
- It was then that President Bill Clinton signed into law the Helium Privatization Act, mandating that the U.
當時，比爾-克林頓總統簽署了《氦氣私有化法案》成為法律，規定美國。
日本鐵路獲勝的原因 (Why Japanese Railways Win)
20:51
- Corporation. The hope was that, through time, the value of the JRs would increase, and therefore the eventual sale of the companies could cover the debt. JNR Settlement Corporation was owned and controlled by the government, so ultimately this meant that Japan's railways weren't fully privatized, at least at first. Rather, they were divided into government-owned companies that were intended to act as private companies would, and strive for profits. The state of the Japanese railways was such that the newly formed JRs would hardly be attractive investment opportunities, meaning the government would struggle to take them fully private at what they considered a reasonable valuation. Rather, the thought was that they needed to give time for the reforms to take hold and improve the companies' prospects. But more practically, the manner of full privatization chosen was to list the JR companies on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, and there are certain requirements that need to be met for listing, such as pre-tax profits in the period immediately before listing needing to be more than 40% of paid-in capital. Crucially, though, the Tokyo
公司。當時的希望是，隨著時間的推移，JR 的價值會增加，是以最終出售公司可以償還債務。JNR 清算公司由政府擁有和控制，是以這最終意味著日本的鐵路並沒有完全私有化，至少在一開始是這樣。相反，它們被劃分為政府所有的公司，這些公司的目的是像私營公司一樣行事，並努力獲取利潤。從日本鐵路的現狀來看，新成立的 JR 很難成為有吸引力的投資機會，這意味著政府很難以他們認為合理的估值將其完全私有化。相反，他們認為需要給改革留出時間，使其生效並改善公司的前景。但更實際的是，選擇的完全私有化方式是讓 JR 公司在東京證券交
- JRs had to genuinely, effectively reform. And they certainly did. Bureaucratic bloat was quickly fixed. 90,000 redundant employees were removed, largely through transfer offers to other jobs in the public and private sectors. Prior to privatization, there was one employee for every 311,000 miles or 510,000 kilometers traveled by passengers. After, it was up to 897,000 miles or 1,443,000 kilometers. And despite the cuts in headcount, service actually improved. The frequency of service, on average, increased, serious accidents halved, and improvements were made to stations and rolling stock. Financially, things improved too—the revenue-to-cost ratio went from 0.771 to 1.167, meaning, on average, the train companies were earning an operating profit thanks to a combination of cost reductions and revenue increases. And this wasn't thanks to heavy government subsidies—subsidies were far lower, overall, than prior to privatization—nor was it thanks to fare increases—the rate of increase actually slowed significantly relative to prior to privatization. Perhaps the primary confounding variable was the fact that Japan's economy was in a boom throughout much of the period immediately post-privatization, so there was plenty of demand for rail travel. But all in all, the process worked. So much so that, as soon as JR West, Central, and East hit the required five-year mark, they began the process of listing on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. Through the sale of shares, the JNR Settlement Corporation generated revenue that was used to pay down its debt, while the JRs were also profitable enough to start buying the Shinkansen network from the Shinkansen Holding Company, further generating revenue for the Settlement Corporation. But beyond the reforms on the rails and in company structure, there was another crucial change that allowed the JR companies to flourish.
JR 必須進行真正有效的改革。他們確實做到了。官僚機構的臃腫很快得到了解決。9 萬名冗餘員工被裁撤，主要是通過調任到公共和私營部門的其他工作崗位。私有化之前，乘客每行駛 311 000 英里或 510 000 公里，就有一名員工。私有化後，這一比例上升到 897 000 英里或 1 443 000 公里。儘管削減了人員，但服務卻得到了切實改善。平均班次增加了，嚴重事故減少了一半，車站和車輛也得到了改善。財務狀況也有所改善--收入與成本的比率從 0.771 上升到 1.167，這意味著，在降低成本和增加收入