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  • This is a highway in India near Delhi.

    這是印度一個靠近德里的高速公路

  • The smog here was so thick,

    這裡的霧霾很濃厚

  • drivers couldn't see where they were going.

    以致於駕駛看不清楚方向。

  • At least 24 vehicles were damaged

    至少 24 台車輛損壞,

  • as drivers kept crashing into the pileup.

    因為駕駛們不斷連環追撞。

  • These conditions happen every year,

    這些情況每年都會發生,

  • when Delhi experiences a huge spike in air pollution.

    當德里的空氣污染劇烈增加時。

  • Are we breathing poison in Delhi?”

    「我們是在德里呼吸有害物質嗎?」

  • “...every two minutes one person dies due to air pollution in this country.”

    「這個國家,每兩分鐘就有一人死於空氣污染...」

  • “I get nauseous.

    「我感到噁心

  • I get dizzy.”

    以及頭暈」

  • " I have to go to the hospital or the doctor now."

    「我現在必須去醫院或者看醫生。」

  • When it hits, the nearly 30 million people

    每當空污襲擊時,將近 3000 萬人

  • here are forced to live in a toxic cloud.

    被迫生活在有毒氣體之中。

  • Scientists estimate that spending a day outside

    科學家估算,這種情況下在外頭待上一天

  • in these conditions is like smoking 50 cigarettes.

    等同於抽了 50 根煙。

  • As a lung surgeon, when I open the chest

    「作為一名肺部外科醫生,每次劃開胸腔時,

  • I rarely see a normal pink lung these days.”

    我很少能看到一個正常的粉紅色肺臟。」

  • On the ground, a layer of dust covers the entire city,

    地面上,一層灰覆蓋了整座城市,

  • and, in the air, a thick layer of pollution hides landmarks

    空氣中,一層厚厚的污染物覆蓋了

  • that are easy to see the rest of the year.

    常年可見的地標。

  • Delhi has always been a big, busy, polluted city.

    德里一直是一座忙碌、污染嚴重的大城市。

  • But in the last decade something is making

    但在過去的十年裡,

  • it even worse.

    情況變得更糟。

  • In the last 10 years, Delhi's population

    過去十年來,德里的人口

  • has grown by more than 7 million people.

    增長了 700 多萬人。

  • Today it's the second-largest city in the world

    如今,它是世界第二大城,

  • and it's also among the most polluted.

    也是污染最嚴重的城市之一。

  • More people means more cars,

    越多的人意味著有越來越多的車,

  • spreading dust and exhaust into the air.

    將灰塵及廢氣排放到空氣中。

  • As Delhi grows, there's also more construction,

    隨著德里的發展,有更多的建築物

  • producing dust particles.

    製造著灰塵顆粒。

  • And more industries, contaminating the environment.

    以及更多的工業來污染環境。

  • All these things make  the average air quality in Delhi

    這些因素使得德里整年的平均空氣品質

  • unhealthy year-round.

    都不健康。

  • But something else is happening right here,

    當十月、十一月,

  • when air pollution in Delhi spikes

    德里的污染到達高峰時,

  • in October and November.

    這裡還有其他事情正在發生。

  • It sends air pollution levels to

    它使得空氣污染指數

  • fifty times what's considered safe.

    超過安全標準的五十倍。

  • Levels go haywire.

    「指數瘋狂超標!

  • Many of the machines are not made

    許多儀器都無法測出

  • to measure the levels that we achieve.”

    我們所達到的空污指數。」

  • The smog is so bad , you can see it from space.

    霧霾嚴重到你可以從外太空看到它。

  • But this cloud of pollution

    但這團污染物質

  • isn't actually coming from Delhi.

    卻不是來自德里!

  • It's coming from here.

    它是從這裡來的。

  • The states of Punjab and Haryana

    旁遮普邦及哈里亞納邦,

  • are known asIndia's Breadbasket.”

    這裡被稱為「印度的糧倉」。

  • They're a key region for the country's agriculture.

    它們是國家農業的重點區域。

  • Farmers here grow rice

    這裡的農夫種植稻米,

  • and that requires large amounts of water.

    因此需要大量的水。

  • In the 2000s, rice farming here took off,

    2000 年開始,稻米種植開始蓬勃發展,

  • and farmers in the area started using so much water,

    這區域的農夫開始灌溉大量的水,

  • that the region's groundwater started running low.

    導致這區域的地下水位開始下降。

  • So, to save water, authorities passed a new act in 2009.

    為了節約用水,當局於 2009 年通過了一項新的法案。

  • It bans rice planting before mid-June.

    在六月中旬之前禁止種植稻米。

  • That means farmers can't plant rice

    這表示農夫在夏季季風期,

  • until right before the monsoon season,

    有雨水來補足地下水之前,

  • when rains come to replenish the groundwater.

    不能種植稻米。

  • That pushes rice harvesting later into the year,

    這將水稻的採收期推遲至晚些時候,

  • which means farmers have less time

    而也意味著農夫為下一季作物整理稻田

  • to get their fields ready for their next crop.

    的時間也縮短了。

  • So, to clear their fields more quickly,

    所以,為了更快速的整理田地,

  • more and more farmers have started

    越來越多的農夫

  • setting their crop stubble on fire.

    開始使用火耕的方式。

  • Every year, all those stubble fires

    每年十月及十一月,

  • form a massive cloud of smoke

    這些火耕的行為

  • during October and November.

    都會形成巨大的煙霧。

  • And it heads straight for Delhi.

    這些煙霧直接飄向德里

  • There are two reasons why smoke in this region

    有兩個原因使得

  • makes things worse in Delhi.

    這地區的煙霧加劇了德里的空氣污染。

  • The first is geography.

    首先是地理位置,

  • The Himalayan mountains act like a kind of barrier,

    喜瑪拉雅山像是個屏障,

  • directing the smoke towards Delhi.

    將這些煙霧導向德里。

  • The second is the weather.

    第二個原因是氣候。

  • During the winter, cold mountain air

    冬天時,山上的冷空氣

  • rushes down from the Himalayas towards Delhi,

    從喜瑪拉雅山湧入德里,

  • arriving beneath a layer of warm lowland air

    抵達於低地暖空氣層之下,

  • that creates a kind of dome over the city.

    形成了圓頂,籠罩整座城市。

  • The warm air keeps pollution trapped on the ground

    暖空氣使得污染物困於地面上,

  • with nowhere to go.

    無處可去。

  • So when the stubble fire smoke arrives in Delhi,

    所以,當火耕的煙霧抵達德里

  • it mixes with the urban pollution

    與城市污染混合後,

  • forming a toxic smog that sits on top of the city.

    於城市上空形成了有毒的煙霧。

  • Mix all that together and you have

    混合上述所有物質,

  • the most hazardous air pollution of almost anywhere.

    你就擁有了幾乎是世界上最危險的空氣污染。

  • In November of 2019, India's Supreme Court

    2019 年的 11 月, 印度最高法院判決

  • ruled that states in the North had to stop farmers

    北方各州需禁止農民

  • from burning their crop stubble.

    繼續實施火耕。

  • But so far, the ruling

    但到目前為止,

  • hasn't been enforced on the ground.

    裁決仍未實際執行。

  • In the weeks after the ruling,

    裁決後一週,

  • tens of thousands of crop fires

    數以萬計的火耕活動

  • continued to burn in Punjab and Haryana.

    仍在旁遮普邦及哈里亞納邦持續著。

  • Delhi doesn't have the ability

    德里沒有能力可以

  • to stop crop burning in neighboring states.

    阻止鄰邦焚燒作物。

  • Instead, when pollution spikes

    相反地,當十月、十一月的

  • in October and November,

    污染高峰期時,

  • city officials change the things they can control:

    城市的官員們決定改變他們可以掌控的事情:

  • Sometimes they'll halt all construction in the city.

    有時他們會中止城市裡的所有工程建設。

  • Or put restrictions on vehicle use.

    或是禁止開車上路。

  • Still, until India's ban on crop stubble burning

    儘管如此,在印度的火耕禁令

  • is actually enforced,

    真正實施之前,

  • these spikes will be back every year.

    這些污染每年都會出現。

  • Making the city's already dangerous pollution

    使得這座城市原本就很危險的汙染問題

  • even worse

    更加嚴重,

  • and putting the lives of millions at risk.

    也使得數百萬人的生命處於危險之中。

  • " I've lived in Delhi for over 50 years. Where will we go ?"

    「我已經在德里住了五十年了,還能去哪?」

  • " Our livelihood is here."

    「我們的生計就在這裡。」

  • Here we are taking baby steps,

    「我們正採取小步前進的措施,

  • but we are in a time period where

    但我們身處的階段,

  • baby steps won't help anymore.”

    小步前進一點幫助都沒有!」

  • What we breathe should be fresh air.”

    「我們需要呼吸新鮮的空氣!」

This is a highway in India near Delhi.

這是印度一個靠近德里的高速公路

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