He's a white, 30-year-old male who weighs about 155 pounds.

三十歲白人男性，體重約 155 磅（70 公斤）。

And he decides how we live.

而他決定了我們的生活方式。

For decades, industries have considered this the standard human, and designed the world around him.

數十年來，許多產業都把他當作標準的人類，以他為範本建構世界。

Everything from air conditioning in offices to cars, even military equipment.

從辦公室裡的冷氣到車子，甚至軍事裝備。

But there are other ways we use Reference Man that aren't so obvious.

但我們也有其他使用參考人的方式，只是沒那麼明顯。

Like in medicine, where it doesn't just lead to discomfort.

如在藥品中，這不只會造成不安。

Here, the disparity can be incredibly dangerous for women.

在這個領域，性別差異對女性而言可能會相當危險。

A few years ago, something strange was happening.

數年前，發生了一些怪異的事情。

Headline after headline recounted a similar story.

各大新聞版面不斷出現類似的報導。

Dozens of women were crashing their cars under the influence of sleeping pills.

許多女性因安眠藥的作用而發生車禍。

In many of these cases, they had taken a dose of Zolpidem the night before.

許多案例的當事人在事故前一晚都有服用 Zolpidem（佐沛眠）。

It's what you probably know as the common sleep aid, Ambien.

你可能比較熟悉它的的另一個名字：Ambien（安必恩）。

The problem wasn't entirely the drug itself—it was the dosage.

問題並不是出在藥品本身，而是劑量。

Women and men were both prescribed 10 milligrams of the drug for 8 hours of sleep.

開藥時，不論男女一晚 8 小時都會拿到 10 毫克的劑量。

But it turns out, women metabolize the active ingredient in Ambien twice as slowly as men.

結果發現，女性代謝 Ambien 中有效成分的速度比男性慢一倍。

That means by the time men woke up the next day, the effects of the pill had usually worn off.

這表示，當男性隔天起床時，藥性通常已經代謝掉了。

While for many women, the drug was still in their system.

但對許多女性而言，藥物還殘留在她們的生理系統裡。

After the crashes, the Food and Drug Administration issued a safety warning in 2013 and changed the recommended dosage for women, cutting it in half.

發生那些車禍後，美國食品藥物管理局在 2013 年發出一則安全警告，更改了女性使用此藥物的建議劑量，直接減半。

The reason the right dosage for women had been overlooked is that the clinical trials on Ambien focused on male test subjects.

女性正確劑量被忽略的原因是，Ambien 的臨床實驗都是以男性受試者為主。

If they're using this hypothetical "average man" and they are basing dosage on it, that's kind of scary.

如果他們真的使用了這個假定「平均男性」並依其設定劑量，這還蠻可怕的。

Not just because it doesn't apply to women, but because it also doesn't apply to a lot of men either.

並不只是因為這劑量不適用於女性，同時因為它也不適用於許多男性。

There are several factors that can affect how a person metabolizes drugs, from size to body fat to hormonal fluctuations.

有許多因素會影響一個人代謝藥物的狀態，從身形、體脂到荷爾蒙的波動。

And these factors can vary drastically based on sex.

這些因素可能會因性別不同造成極大的差異。

But many clinical trials don't account for this.

但許多臨床試驗並沒有將此納入考量。

They often don't include enough women as test subjects.

它們通常不會納入足夠的女性受試者。

And even when they do, data from women is often mixed in with data from men, which can hide sex-specific reactions to medicine.

就算有做到，女性的資料也常會與男性資料混合，使得性別特定的藥物反應被忽略。

I don't care that it's more effective for men.

我不在乎這藥物對男人比較有效。

I just want to know: Is it going to be effective for me as a woman?

我只想知道，這藥物會身為女人的我來說，有效嗎？

So, you don't know that unless you look separately at those groups.

也就是說，除非兩個群體分開研究，否則你不會知道。

Take Acetaminophen, the active ingredient in Tylenol.

拿止痛藥 Tylenol（泰諾特）中的成分 Acetaminophen（乙醯胺酚）為例。

It's flushed from a woman's body slower than in men, so the prescribed dosage can put women at more risk for potential overdose and liver failure.

它在女性體內代謝速度較慢，所以一般劑量可能會使女性陷入潛在過度用藥或肝衰竭的危險。

And one heart medication that's supposed to prevent heart attacks may actually trigger one in women.

而一款預防心臟病的藥品，可能反而會誘發女性罹患心臟病。

So, we know that this is still a problem, but it's so hard to know how often that happens because there's no research.

所以說，我們都知道問題依然存在，但很難知道它發生的頻率，因為沒有相關研究。

If the companies did a better job of looking at men and women separately and studying them separately,

如果製藥公司願意多花點時間，分開研究男性與女性，

I think we'd have a lot more dosages that are different for women and men.

我想會有更多男女服用劑量不同的藥品。

In 1993, the National Institutes of Health created regulations saying women must be included in human studies and have their data analyzed separately.

1993 年時，美國國立衛生研究院設立了準則，規範女性要被納入人體實驗，而且她們的資料需被分開分析。

But the problem is...

但問題是...

It's the FDA, Food and Drug Administration, that's making the decisions about what medications are being sold to you and to your loved ones,

美國食品藥物管理局，什麼樣的藥品可以出售給你與你親愛的人都是由他們決定，

and they are not required to include women, people of color, people over 65.

但他們沒被要求要納入女性、有色人種或是超過 65 歲的年長者。

You know, if you're only studying white men, you don't have to study as many people.

你知道的，如果只研究白人男性，就不必用研究那麼多人。

And the more people you study, the more it costs to do the research.

況且，研究越多人，就要花越多研究費用。

But, the more meaningful the information is so that we can all make informed decisions about what's good for us.

但這也能提供我們更多有意義的資訊，讓我們做出對自身更好的決定。