The Apollo 8 spacecraft has successfully completed

在 1968 年的聖誕夜，

its first three orbits around the moon.

阿波羅八號太空船

Launched from Cape Canaveral three days before,

已成功圍繞月球軌道飛行三圈。

this is the first time

它是三天前從卡納維爾角發射的，

that humans have ever traveled beyond low Earth orbit.

這是頭一回

On the vessel's fourth pass,

人類遠離低軌道去旅行。

the Earth slowly comes into view

當太空船繞行第四圈時，

and reveals itself above the Moon's horizon.

地球緩緩出現在視線中，

Astronaut Bill Anders frantically asks his crewmates where their camera is,

浮出月球的地平線。

grabs the Hasselblad, points it towards the window,

太空人比爾安德斯瘋狂地 問他的組員照相機在哪裡，

presses the shutter,

一把抓起哈蘇相機，對著窗戶，

and takes one of the most important photographs of all time:

按下快門，

"Earthrise."

拍下了有史以來最重要的照片之一：

When the crew was safely home a few days later,

「地出。」

they were asked about the mission.

幾天後，組員安全返家，

Anders famously replied,

他們被問及了這次任務。

"We went to the moon,

安德斯著名的回覆是：

but we actually discovered Earth."

「我們去了月球，

What did he and his fellow crewmates feel

但事實上我們發現了地球。」

in this incredible moment?

在這不凡的一刻，他和同組伙伴

In a study released just this past year,

是什麼感覺？

a team of researchers at the University of Pennsylvania

在去年刊出的一篇研究中，

examined the testimonies of hundreds of astronauts

賓州大學的一組研究者

who had the opportunity to view the Earth from space.

探究了數百名有機會從太空

Their analysis uncovered three common feelings:

看地球的太空人的說詞。

first, a greater appreciation for Earth's beauty;

他們的分析發現了三種共同的感受：

second, an increased sense of connection to all other living beings;

第一，更欣賞地球之美；

and third, an unexpected, often overwhelming sense of emotion.

第二，對其他所有生物的 連結感增加了；

The researchers believe that seeing the Earth from a great distance

第三，生起意外強烈的情感。

provokes someone to develop new cognitive frameworks

研究者相信，從遠距離看地球

to understand what they are seeing.

能激發一個人發展出新的認知框架，

They believe these astronauts were forever changed

來了解他們所看見的景象。

by this new view,

他們相信，這些太空人被新景象、

this new perspective,

新視角、

this new visual truth.

新的透視遠景

This feeling is commonly referred to as the "overview effect."

給永遠改變了。

Only 558 people have ever been to outer space.

這種感覺通常被稱為「總觀效應」。

558 people had the opportunity

只有 558 人曾去過外太空。

to gaze down in awe,

558 人有機會

to wonder at our planet

能懷著敬畏心向下凝視

floating in an infinite sea of darkness.

我們星球的奇觀，

But what if that number were bigger?

看它漂浮在無盡的黑暗之海中。

Three years ago, I set off on my own mission:

但如果更多人看見這視野呢？

to see if I could bring this feeling of overwhelming scale and beauty

三年前，我開始自己的任務：

to many more people

嘗試看能否把這規模驚人的美麗感受

just by using one small computer

帶給更多人，

in my small New York City apartment.

只用我紐約小公寓中的一台小電腦。

It was then, in 2013, that I launched "Daily Overview."

我在 2013 年推出了 「每日總觀」。

Every day, I have used satellite imagery

每天，我用衛星影像

to create one expansive overhead view of our planet.

製作一張我們星球的遼闊俯視圖。

More than 1,000 of these images have been created thus far,

目前已經製作出超過一千張影像，

and more than 600,000 people

有超過六十萬人

tune in for this daily dose of perspectives.

收看這每日透視遠景。

I create the imagery by curating photos from the massive archive

我把「數位全球」這家衛星公司的

of a satellite company called Digital Globe.

大量照片策劃製成影像。

They operate a constellation of five satellites,

他們旗下一共有五個衛星在運行，

each roughly the size of an ambulance,

每個的尺寸大約是救護車的大小，

that is constantly taking pictures of the Earth

這些衛星不斷拍攝地球的照片，

as they orbit at 28,000 kilometers per hour.

同時以時速兩萬八千公里繞行地球。

Now, what does this mean?

這是什麼意思？

Each of these satellites is equipped with a camera

每一個衛星都裝有照相機，

that has a focal length of 16 meters,

相機焦距是 16 公尺，

so that's roughly 290 times greater

大約是配備標準 55mm 鏡頭的

than a DSLR camera equipped with a standard 55 millimeter lens.

數位單眼相機的 290 倍。

So if were able to attach one of their satellites

如果我們把其中一顆衛星

to the roof of this theater in Oxford,

裝在牛津這家劇院的屋頂上，

we could take a picture of a football,

我們就能清楚拍到阿姆斯特丹

clearly, on the pitch at the stadium in Amsterdam.

體育場中足球比賽的照片。

That's 450 kilometers away.

那是 450 公里以外的比賽。

That's incredibly powerful technology.

那是威力非常強大的技術。

And I decided at the beginning of this project

在這個專案開始時，

that I would use that incredible technology

我決定要把這不可思議的技術

to focus on the places

專注在人類衝擊這星球的地方。

where humans have impacted the planet.

我們人類物種

As a species, we dig and scrape the Earth for resources,

靠著挖掘和刮削地球來取得資源，

we produce energy,

我們產生能源，

we raise animals and cultivate crops for food,

我們養育動物並耕作作物來當食物，

we build cities, we move around,

我們建立城市，我們四處移動，

we create waste.

我們產生廢物。

And in the process of doing all of these things,

在做這些事情的過程中，

we shape landscapes and seascapes

我們越來越掌控和塑造

and cityscapes with increasing control and impunity.

地景、海景、和城市景， 且還能免於受罰。

So with that in mind,

考量到那一點，

I would like to share a few of my overviews with you now.

我現在想與各位分享一些我的總觀。

Here we see cargo ships and oil tankers

這裡我們看到的是貨輪和油輪，

waiting outside the entry to the port of Singapore.

在新加坡的港口入口外等待。

This facility is the second-busiest in the world by terms of total tonnage,

就船舶總噸數來看， 這是世界上第二忙碌的港口，

accounting for one-fifth of the world's shipping containers

佔全世界運輸貨櫃的五分之一，

and one half of the annual supply

以及原油年供應量的一半。

of crude oil.

如果你近看這張總觀圖， 你會看到很多小斑點。

If you look closely at this overview, you'll see a lot of little specks.

它們其實是飼育場中的牛隻，

Those are actually cows at a feedlot

位在美國德州的薩莫菲爾德。

in Summerfield, Texas, in the United States.

一旦牛隻達到了一定的重量，

So once cows reach a particular weight,

大約 300 公斤，

roughly 300 kilograms,

牠們就會被遷到這裡， 給予特殊飲食。

they are moved here and placed on a specialized diet.

在接下來的三到四週， 這些牛隻會再增加 180 公斤，

Over the next three to four months, the cows gain an additional 180 kilograms

然後才會被送去宰殺。

before they are shipped off to slaughter.

你們可能在想上面 這個發光的池子是什麼。

You're also probably wondering about this glowing pool at the top there.

它的顏色這麼獨特， 是因為結合了糞肥、化學物質、

That gets its color from a unique combination of manure, chemicals

及一種只生長在靜水中的水藻。

and a particular type of algae that grows in the stagnant water.

這是惠爾巴克山的鐵礦，

This is the Mount Whaleback iron ore mine

位在澳洲西部的皮爾巴拉地區，

in the Pilbara region of Western Australia,

是地表一道美麗又可怕的疤痕。

a beautiful yet scary scar on the face of the Earth.

世界上被開採出來的鐵礦中，

Of the world's mined iron ore,

有 98% 被用來做鋼鐵，

98 percent is used to make steel

是建築建設、汽車、電器──

and is therefore a major component in the construction of buildings,

如洗碗機或冰箱──的主要成份。

automobiles or appliances such as your dishwasher or refrigerator.

這是西班牙塞維亞的太陽能聚光器。

This is a solar concentrator in Seville, Spain.

這個設施包含了 2,650 面鏡子，

So this facility contains 2,650 mirrors

以同心圓的方式擺放在 設施中心的一座 140 公尺

which are arrayed in concentric circles around an 140-meter-tall tower

高塔上。

at its center.

在塔頂

At the top of the tower,

有個熔鹽容器，

there is a capsule of molten salt

它會被下面鏡子 向上反射的光線加溫。

that gets heated by the beams of light reflected upwards

鹽就會從那裡循環到地下的儲存槽，

from the mirrors below.

在那裡產生蒸氣，

From there, the salt circulates to a storage tank underground,

讓渦輪轉動，

where it produces steam,

產生的電力足以供給七萬個家庭，

which spins turbines

並抵消掉每年三萬噸的 二氧化碳排放量。

and generates enough electricity to power 70,000 homes

這張總觀圖是玻利維亞 聖克魯斯的森林砍伐，

and offsets 30,000 tons of carbon dioxide emissions every year.

緊鄰著還未受影響的大片雨林。

This overview shows deforestation in Santa Cruz, Bolivia

砍伐該國森林的動機主要來自於

immediately adjacent to untouched tracts of rainforest.

擴張的機械化農業和養牛牧場，

Deforestation in the country has primarily been driven

試圖滿足該國人口成長的糧食需求。

by the expansion of mechanized agriculture

這麼做的代價就是雨林

and cattle ranching,

被犧牲、被摧毀。

so as the country tries to meet the demand of its growing population

估計該國僅僅在 2000 年 到 2010 年的十年間，

and feed them,

就損失了450 萬英畝的雨林。

the sacrificial destruction of its rainforest

這是西班牙巴賽隆納的擴展區。

has taken place to do so.

總觀的視角是很有幫助的，

It is estimated that the country lost 4.5 million acres of rainforest

能讓我們了解城市如何運作，

in one decade alone

及如何能為都市計畫 想出更聰明的解決方案，

from 2000 until 2010.

且這將來只會變得更重要，

This is the Eixample district in Barcelona, Spain.

因為預期到 2030 年時， 全世界會有 49 億人

So the overview perspective can be incredibly helpful

住在城市中。

to help us understand how cities function

巴賽隆納這個區域的特色 包括工整的格狀排列、

and how we can devise smarter solutions for urban planning,

公寓配有社區公有的庭院、

and this will become only more relevant

以及八角形的交叉口，

as it is expected that 4.9 billion people will live in cities around the world

這種設計能帶進更多陽光、 更流通的空氣、

by the year 2030.

以及更多的街邊停車位。

This area of Barcelona is characterized by its strict grid pattern,

我們在這張圖裡看到那種格狀模式，

apartments with communal courtyards

但狀況卻很不同。

and these octagonal intersections

這是肯亞北部的達達阿布難民營，

which allow for more sunlight, better ventilation

是世上同類型設施中規模最大的。

and additional parking at street level.

為要處理逃離索馬利亞的難民

And here we see that grid pattern but under much different circumstances.

湧入所造成的饑荒與衝突問題，

This is the Dadaab Refugee Camp in northern Kenya,

聯合國建立了左邊的這個區域，

the largest such facility of its kind in the world.

稱為難民法令 (LFO) 延伸區，

To cope with the influx of refugees who are fleeing Somalia,

來讓更多的難民居住，

where there is famine and conflict,

他們到達之後就佔據了這些白點，

the UN has built this area gridded out at left

其實就是帳篷，

called the LFO extension

隨時間，它們緩緩地佔滿整個區域。

to house more and more refugees

因此，一張這樣的總觀圖

who are arriving and occupying these white dots,

顯示一個時刻；

which are actually tents

如果有兩張總觀圖，

which will slowly fill up the area over time.

我們就能述說隨著時間改變的故事。

So if you have one of these overviews,

我稱專案的這項特徵為 「並列 (Juxtapose)」，

you have a moment in time.

現在我們就來看幾個例子。

If we have two overviews, however,

荷蘭的鬱金香田每年四月會綻放。

we are able to tell stories about changes in time.

我們取得開花前幾週，三月的照片，

I call that feature of the project "Juxtapose,"

把它和幾週後拍的照片做比對。

and we'll share a few examples of it with you now.

我們就能觀賞花朵綻放

So the tulip fields in Netherlands bloom every year in April.

壯觀的顏色變化。

So we take an image captured in March a few weeks before

估計荷蘭每年生產

and contrast it to one taken a few weeks later.

43 億個鬱金香球莖。

We're able to watch the flowers bloom in this magnificent cascade of color.

2015 年，有兩個水壩倒塌了，

It is estimated that the Dutch produce 4.3 billion tulip bulbs every year.

地點在巴西東南部的鐵礦區，

In 2015, two dams collapsed

造成該國史上最慘烈的

at an iron ore mine in southeastern Brazil,

環境災難之一。

causing one of the worst environmental disasters

估計有六千兩百萬立方公尺的廢棄物

in the history of the country.

在水壩毀壞時被釋放出來，

It is estimated that 62 million cubic meters of waste

過程中摧毀了眾多村落，

were released when the dams broke,

包括班托羅德里格斯，

destroying numerous villages in the process,

這張圖是潰堤之前，

including Bento Rodrigues, seen here before ...

以及潰堤之後。

and after the flood.

最終，有 19 人死於這場災難。

Ultimately, 19 people were killed in this disaster.

後續很長一段時間，

Half a million people did not have access to clean drinking water

有五十萬人無法取得乾淨飲用水，

for an extended period of time,

廢棄物很快就進入多西河，

and the waste soon entered into the Doce River,

漫延了 650 公里長，

extended for 650 kilometers

一路到入海處，

all the way into the sea,

過程中害死了無法計數的 植物與動物。

killing unknowable amounts of plant and animal life along the way.

最後，這個故事和敘利亞危機有關，

And lastly, here is a story related to the crisis in Syria,

一場衝突奪走了成千上百條人命，

a conflict which has claimed the lives of hundreds of thousands of people

迫使百萬人離開家園。

and displaced millions.

2011 年可以看見 約旦馬弗拉克的這塊沙漠，

So this patch of desert is seen in Mafraq, Jordan in 2011,

衝突也是這年開始的，

the year the conflict started,

我們將它與 2017 年的 影像做比對，

and when we compare it to an image captured just this year in 2017,

可以看見扎泰里難民營的興建。

we see the construction of the Zaatari refugee camp.

所以，就像阿波羅八號的太空人

So just as the astronauts of Apollo 8

初次看著地球從月亮的地景升起，

watched the Earth rising above the lunar landscape for the first time,

你想像不到

there is no way that you could have imagined

我剛剛展示的那些地方 從外太空看起來是什麼樣子。

what the places I just showed you look like from outer space.

你可能欣賞影像的美感，

And while you may enjoy the aesthetics of an image,

一旦你了解看到的是什麼，

once you learn exactly what it is you're seeing,

可能就會陷入 是否仍然喜歡的天人交戰了。

you may struggle with the fact that you still like it.

那是我希望能造出的有張力的作品。

And that's the tension I want to create with my work,

因為我相信沉思、內在的對話，

because I believe it is that contemplation,

會使我們對這星球更感興趣，

that internal dialogue

並且更能意識到 我們加諸於這星球的種種。

that will lead to greater interest in our planet

我相信，從總觀的視角來看地球，

and more awareness of what we're doing to it.

當下遠比以前更為重要。

I believe that viewing the Earth from the overview perspective

透過這些高空相機的驚人科技，

is more important now than ever before.

我們得以看見、監控、並揭露出

Through the incredible technology of these high-flying cameras,

我們所造成的史無先例之影響。

we can see, monitor and expose

不論我們是科學家、

the unprecedented impact that we are having.

工程師、決策者、

And whether we are scientists

投資者或藝術家，

or engineers or policymakers

如果我們能採用更廣闊的視角，

or investors or artists,

擁抱發生的真相，

if we can adopt a more expansive perspective,

並思忖我們星球的長期福祉，

embrace the truth of what is going on

我們就能創造一個更美好、

and contemplate the long-term health of our planet,

更安全、更聰明的未來，

we will create a better

為了我們唯一的家園。

and safer and smarter future

謝謝。

for our one and only home.

（掌聲）

Thank you.

(Applause)