that bring us humans together in the way that an election does.

有幾件事

We stand in elections; we vote in elections;

是選舉期間大家都會做的事

we observe elections.

我們選舉時發表立場、投票、

Our democracies rely on elections.

觀察選情

We all understand why we have elections,

我們的民主仰賴選舉

and we all leave the house on the same day

我們都明白為何需要選舉

to go and vote.

我們都會在選舉當天出門

We cherish the opportunity to have our say,

投出神聖的一票

to help decide the future of the country.

我們珍惜自己發聲的機會、

The fundamental idea is that politicians

決定自己國家未來的機會

are given mandate to speak for us,

最基本的概念就是，政治家

to make decisions on our behalf

被賦予任務，替我們發聲、

that affect us all.

為我們作出

Without that mandate, they would be corrupt.

會影響我們的決定

Well unfortunately, power corrupts,

如果沒有任務的交付，就會腐敗

and so people will do lots of things

但不幸的是，權力會產生腐敗

to get power and to stay in power,

所以人們做出一些事

including doing bad things to elections.

來獲得權力、持續保有權力

You see, even if the idea

包括選舉時做些卑鄙手段

of the election is perfect,

所以，即使選舉這概念

running a countrywide election is a big project,

非常完美

and big projects are messy.

一個全國的選舉規模龐大

Whenever there is an election,

規模大就亂

it seems like something always goes wrong,

只要有選舉

someone tries to cheat,

好像一定會出差錯一樣

or something goes accidentally awry --

有人作弊、

a ballot box goes missing here,

總有事情不符預期--

chads are left hanging over here.

票箱遺失、

To make sure as few things as possible go wrong,

候選人畫記不清楚等等

we have all these procedures around the election.

為儘可能確保事情不出錯

So for example, you come to the polling station,

我們選舉有很多過程

and a poll station worker asks for your ID

比方說，你來到投票所

before giving you a ballot form

選舉工作人員檢查你的身份證

and asking you to go into a voting booth

才會給你選票

to fill out your vote.

然後要你走進投票間

When you come back out, you get to drop your vote

填寫你的選票

into the ballot box

當你走出投票間，將選票

where it mixes with all the other votes,

投入票箱

so that no one knows how you voted.

和其他人的選票混在一起

Well, what I want us to think about for a moment

藉此就沒人知道你投了誰

is what happens after that,

那我要各位想一下

after you drop your vote into the ballot box.

接下來會發生什麼事

And most people would go home

在選票投進票箱後

and feel sure that their vote has been counted,

很多人就回家

because they trust

確信他們的選票會被計算

that the election system works.

因為他們信任

They trust that election workers and election observers

選舉制度

do their jobs and do their jobs correctly.

他們信任選舉工作人員、監票員

The ballot boxes go to counting places.

有正確做好他們的工作

They're unsealed and the votes are poured out

票箱會送到指定地點

and laboriously counted.

清算拆封後倒出

Most of us have to trust

之後人工計算

that that happens correctly for our own vote,

我們大多數人都信任

and we all have to trust that that happens correctly

自己的選票正確無誤被算入

for all the votes in the election.

我們必須相信過程會正確無誤

So we have to trust a lot of people.

所有選票都正確計算

We have to trust a lot of procedures.

我們得相信很多人哪

And sometimes we even have to trust computers.

我們得相信這些過程

So imagine hundreds of millions of voters

有時候還得相信電腦

casting hundreds of millions of votes,

所以，想像成千上萬的選民

all to be counted correctly

投出成千上萬的選票

and all the things that can possibly go wrong

都必須正確計算

causing all these bad headlines,

這麼多事都可能出錯

and you cannot help but feel exhausted at the idea

導致這些頭條的出現

of trying to make elections better.

你一定會覺得，讓選舉過程更完善

Well in the face of all these bad headlines,

這過程很難達成

researchers have taken a step back

看到這些糟糕的頭條新聞

and thought about how we can do elections differently.

已經有人重新研究、

They've zoomed out and looked at the big picture.

思考要如何規劃選舉

And the big picture is this:

他們往後退一步，重審大局

elections should be verifiable.

大局就是：

Voters should be able to check

選舉應該要能核對

that their votes are counted correctly,

選民應該要能檢查

without breaking election secrecy,

自己的選票是否以正確算入

which is so very important.

卻又不打破不記名原則

And that's the tough part.

因為這原則很重要

How do we make an election system completely verifiable

而且很難達成

while keeping the votes

我們要如何讓整個選舉系統能夠核對

absolutely secret?

同時不破壞

Well, the way we've come up with

保密原則？

uses computers

我們想到的方法就是

but doesn't depend on them.

使用電腦

And the secret is the ballot form.

但不依賴它們

And if you look closely at these ballot forms,

秘密就是選票設計

you'll notice that the candidate list

你看看這些選票

is in a different order on each one.

你會注意到候選人名單

And that means, if you mark your choices on one of them

每張顯示的都不一樣

and then remove the candidate list,

這表示，你選好心中的候選人後

I won't be able to tell from the bit remaining

私下候選人名單

what your vote is for.

其他人將完全看不出

And on each ballot form there is this encrypted value

你選了誰

in the form of this 2D barcode

每張選票都有加密

on the right.

用這個二維條碼

And there's some complicated cryptography

右邊這裡

going on in there,

條碼中隱含了

but what's not complicated

複雜的密碼學

is voting with one of these forms.

唯一不複雜的

So we can let computers do all the complicated cryptography for us,

就是使用選票的方法

and then we'll use the paper for verification.

我們可以讓電腦幫我們用複雜的密碼學

So this is how you vote.

但用紙張做為核對

You get one of these ballot forms at random,

這就是投票方式

and then you go into the voting booth,

你隨機拿了選票

and you mark your choices,

進入投票間

and you tear along a perforation.

畫下你的候選人

And you shred the candidate list.

撕下另一半

And the bit that remains, the one with your marks --

將候選人名單撕碎

this is your encrypted vote.

剩下的部份，你填寫的部份

So you let a poll station worker

就是已經加密的票

scan your encrypted vote.

之後交給工作人員

And because it's encrypted,

掃描你那加密的票

it can be submitted, stored

因為已經加密

and counted centrally

選票可以送出、儲存、

and displayed on a website

中央計算選票

for anyone to see, including you.

並公告於網路上

So you take this encrypted vote

讓人人都可以觀看

home as your receipt.

你可以帶走這張加密的選票

And after the close of the election,

作為收據

you can check that your vote was counted

選舉結束後

by comparing your receipt

你可以檢查選票是否被算入了

to the vote on the website.

只要用手上的收據

And remember, the vote is encrypted

比對網站上的選票即可

from the moment you leave the voting booth,

記得，選票是加密的

so if an election official wants to find out how you voted,

從你離開投票間那刻

they will not be able to.

所以，如果選舉工作人員想知道你投誰

If the government wants to find out how you voted,

是不可能的

they won't be able to.

如果政府想知道你投給誰

No hacker can break in

是不可能的

and find out how you voted.

連駭客也無法

No hacker can break in and change your vote,

查出你投給誰

because then it won't match your receipt.

駭客無法駭進系統竄改選票

Votes can't go missing

因為如此的話就與收據不符

because then you won't find yours when you look for it.

選票不會不見

But the election magic doesn't stop there.

因為到時候若找不到就能發現了

Instead, we want to make the whole process

但選舉的魔法不止於此

so transparent

我門希望能做的整個選舉過程的

that news media and international observers

透明化

and anyone who wants to

及是新聞媒體、全世界觀望的

can download all the election data

所有人都能

and do the count themselves.

下載選舉數據

They can check that all the votes were counted correctly.

然後自己做計算

They can check

可以自己檢查選票是否正確計算

that the announced result of the election

可以檢查

is the correct one.

選舉結果的宣布

And these are elections

是否正確

by the people, for the people.

這樣的選舉才是

So the next step for our democracies

由人民而選、為人民而選

are transparent

所以民主的下一步就是

and verifiable elections.

透明化、

Thank you.

可驗證的選舉

(Applause)

謝謝