not from childhood, by the way,

我是蟲子的愛好者，

but rather late.

不過並不是從小就這樣，

When I bachelored,

是年紀較大以後才開始的。

majoring in zoology at Tel Aviv University,

在大學時期，

I kind of fell in love with bugs.

我在特拉維夫大學主修動物學，

And then, within zoology,

我開始對蟲子產生興趣。

I took the course or the discipline of entomology,

於是，在動物學系裡，

the science of insects.

我選修了昆蟲學的相關課程，

And then I thought to myself, how can I be practical

昆蟲科學這門課。

or help in the science of entomology?

當時我想著，我要怎麼去運用它呢?

And then I moved to the world of plant protection --

或是我該如何對昆蟲科學有所貢獻?

plant protection from insects,

接著我開始往保護植物的方向走 --

from bad bugs.

保護植物不被昆蟲侵害，

And then within plant protection,

被那些害蟲所侵害。

I came into the discipline of biological pest control,

在保護植物這方面，

which we actually define

我開始接觸

as the use of living organisms

生物抑制害蟲法，

to reduce populations of noxious plant pests.

我們對這方法的定義是

So it's a whole discipline in plant protection

利用活著的有機生物

aimed at the reduction of chemicals.

來降低對於植物有害的

And biological pest control, by the way,

那些害蟲數量。

or these "good bugs" that we are talking about,

在於植物保護上來說，

they've existed in the world for thousands and thousands of years,

這種方式的目標是降低化學藥劑的使用量。

for a long, long time.

這種生物抑制害蟲法，

But only in the last 120 years,

或是我們所談的這種益蟲，

people started, or people knew more and more

它們已經存在這世上好幾千年了，

how to exploit, or how to use, this biological control phenomenon,

已經很久很久了。

or in fact, natural control phenomenon,

但是直到近120年左右

for their own needs.

人們才逐漸開始知道，

Because biological control phenomenon -- you can see it in your backyard.

如何去開發、利用它們，

Just take a magnifying glass. You see what I have here?

以及如何去使用這種生物抑制害蟲法，

That's a magnifier, times 10.

或者該說，自然抑制法，

You just open it, twist leaves,

來達到人們的目的。

and you see a whole new world of minute insects,

因為生物抑制害蟲法

or little spiders of one millimeter, one-and-a-half, two millimeters long,

它就存在於你的後院裡面。

and you can distinguish between the good ones and the bad ones.

只要拿個放大鏡。你看我拿的這個是什麼？

So this phenomenon of natural control exists literally everywhere.

這是一個十倍的放大鏡。

Here, in front of this building, I'm sure.

對，十倍而已。

Just have a look at the plants.

打開它。

So it's everywhere, and we need to know how to exploit it.

你只要把葉子翻開來，你就會發現一個新世界，

Well, let's go hand by hand

那裡有著微小的昆蟲，

and browse through just a few examples.

長度只有 1 公釐, 1.5 公釐

What is a pest?

或是2公釐大小的蜘蛛，

What damage does it actually inflict on the plant?

你可以去分辨益蟲和害蟲。

And what is the natural enemy,

所以這種自然的抑制方式

the biological control agent, or the "good bug"

確實在每個地方存在著。

that we're talking about?

我確定這棟建築物的前面就有。

In general, I'm going to talk about insects and spiders,

看看這株植物。

or mites, let us call them.

到處都是，

Insects, those six-legged organisms

我們需要知道怎麼去發現它。

and spiders or mites, the eight-legged organisms.

好，讓我們逐項來看，

Let's have a look at that.

看看後面這些例子。

Here is a devastating pest, a spider mite,

什麼是害蟲?

because it does a lot of webbing, like a spider.

它會對植物產生什麼樣的害處?

You see the mother in between,

還有它的天敵是什麼呢?

and two daughters, probably, on the left and right,

生物抑制害蟲的媒介，

and a single egg on the right-hand side.

或是我們所提到的益蟲?

And then you see what kind of damage it can inflict.

大致上來說，我要談的

On your right-hand side, you can see a cucumber leaf,

是昆蟲和蜘蛛，

in the middle, a cotton leaf,

或是蟎，我們這樣稱呼它好了。

and on the left, a tomato leaf with these little stipplings.

昆蟲 -- 是那些有六隻腳的有機生物，

They can literally turn from green to white,

而蜘蛛或蟎，

because of the sucking, piercing mouth parts of those spiders.

它們是八隻腳的有機生物。

But here comes nature, that provides us with a good spider.

我們看看這個。

This is a predatory mite -- just as small as a spider mite;

這是一隻害蟲，會搞破壞的害蟲，一隻蜘蛛蟎，

one, two millimeters long, not more than that --

因為它像蜘蛛一樣會產生許多網狀的東西。

running quickly, hunting, chasing the spider mites.

你看中間的那隻是媽媽

And here, you can see this lady in action on your left-hand side --

還有左右兩邊那大概是兩個女兒，

just pierces, sucks the body fluids on the left-hand side of the pest mite.

右手邊還有一個蛋。

And after five minutes, this is what you see:

接下來你可以知道它所造成的損害是什麼，

just a typical dead corpse --

右手邊你可以看見黃瓜的葉子，

the shriveled, sucked-out, dead corpse of the spider mite,

中間是棉花的葉子，

and next to it, two satiated individuals, predatory mites,

左邊是蕃茄的葉子，

a mother on the left-hand side, a young nymph on the right-hand side.

這些蜘蛛利用尖嘴刺穿葉子，

By the way, a meal for them for 24 hours,

吸食汁液之後，

is about five of the spider mites, of the bad mites,

讓這些葉子

and-or 15 to 20 eggs of the pest mites.

由綠色轉變成白色。

By the way, they are always hungry.

但接下來的是大自然

(Laughter)

提供我們的益蟲蜘蛛。

And here is another example: aphids.

這是一隻掠食性蟎 -- 和蜘蛛蟎一樣小，

It's springtime now in Israel.

1 公釐到 2 公釐左右的長度，

When temperatures rise sharply,

迅速的奔跑，獵食，

you can see those bad ones, those aphids, all over the plants --

追逐著蜘蛛蟎。

in your hibiscus, in your lantana,

你可以看見左手邊這位女士

in the young, fresh foliage of the so-called spring flush.

正在用餐 --

By the way, with aphids you have only females, like Amazons.

刺穿過左邊那隻蜘蛛蟎的身體，

Females giving rise to females, giving rise to other females.

吸食著它的體液。

No males at all.

大概五分鐘過後，結果如你所見，

Parthenogenesis, as it's so called.

只剩下一具典型的屍體 --

And they're very happy with that, apparently.

充滿皺摺，已經被吸乾的，

(Laughter)

蜘蛛蟎的屍體，

Here we can see the damage.

在旁邊的，則是兩隻

Those aphids secrete a sticky, sugary liquid called honeydew,

吃飽喝足的掠食蟎，

and this just clogs the upper parts of the plant.

左手邊的是媽媽，

Here you see a typical cucumber leaf that turned from green to black

右手邊的是一個年輕小妞。

because of a black fungus, sooty mold, which is covering it.

對了，對它們來說，

And here comes the salvation, through this parasitic wasp.

一天24小時的食物，

Here we are not talking about a predator.

大概是5隻蜘蛛蟎，或是那些害蟲蟎，

Here we are talking a parasite --

或是 15 到 20 顆

not a two-legged parasite,

害蟲蟎的蛋。

but an eight-legged parasite, of course.

換句話說，它們一直都很飢渴。

This is a parasitic wasp,

(笑聲)

again, two millimeters long, slender, a very quick and sharp flier.

這是另一個例子：蚜蟲。

And here you can see this parasite in action,

對了，現在在以色列正值春天，

like in an acrobatic maneuver.

溫度正快速在上升。

She stands vis-à-vis

你可以看見那些有害的蚜蟲，在植物上到處都是，

in front of the victim at the right-hand side,

在你的山芙蓉上，在你的馬纓丹上，

bending its abdomen and inserting a single egg

在那些被稱為春芽的

into the body fluids of the aphid.

剛長出來的嫩葉上。

By the way, the aphid tries to escape.

對了，那些蚜蟲，只有女性，

She kicks and bites and secretes different liquids,

就像亞馬遜一族一樣。

but nothing will happen, in fact --

女性生出女性，然後再生出女性。

only the egg of the parasitoid will be inserted

完全沒有男性。

into the body fluids of the aphid.

這被稱為單性生殖。

And after a few days, depending upon temperature,

看起來它們對這件事還挺開心的。

the egg will hatch

接下來我們可以看見它所造成的傷害。

and the larva of this parasite will eat the aphid from the inside.

這些蚜蟲會分泌

(Laughter)

一些黏稠的，甜甜的液體，

This is all natural. This is all natural.

稱作蜜汁。

This is not fiction, nothing at all.

這些會在植物的上面

Again -- in your backyard. In your backyard.

形成小水珠的形狀。

(Laughter)

你可以看見典型的黃瓜葉子

(Applause)

因為覆蓋在上面的黑色真菌

But this is the end result: mummies.

以及烏黑的黴菌

This is the visual result of a dead aphid encompassing inside,

讓它從綠色變成了黑色。

a developing parasitoid that, after a few minutes, you see halfway out.

接下來拯救者上場了，

The birth is almost complete.

就是這個寄生的胡蜂。

You can see, by the way, in different movies, etc.,

這兒我們說的不是掠食者。

it takes just a few minutes.

我們說的是寄生者，

And if this is a female, she'll immediately mate with a male

並不是兩隻腳的寄生者，

and off she goes, because time is very short.

而是六隻腳的寄生者。

This female can live only three to four days,

這是寄生胡蜂，

and she needs to give rise to around 400 eggs.

大概 2 公釐長，相當纖細，

That means she has 400 bad aphids

它是一種很迅速

to put her eggs into their body fluids.

相當機警的飛行者。

This is, of course, not the end of it.

這邊你可以看見寄生的過程，

There is a whole wealth of other natural enemies

就像是在做特技表演一樣。

and this is just the last example.

它正面對面的

Again, we'll start first with the pest:

從右手邊直接當著對手的面前，

the thrips.

彎起它的腹部

By the way, all these weird names --

將一個蛋放進宿主體內，

I didn't bother you with the Latin names of these creatures,

一個蛋進入了

just the popular names.

蚜蟲的體液之中。

But this is a nice, slender, very bad pest.

對了，這隻蚜蟲試圖要逃脫。

If you can see this: sweet peppers.

它亂踢亂咬，

This is not just an exotic, ornamental sweet pepper.

分泌不同的液體，

This is a sweet pepper which is not consumable

不過結果都沒有用。

because it is suffering from a viral disease

寄生者只會放一個蛋

transmitted by those thrip adults.

在蚜蟲的體液之中。

And here comes the natural enemy, minute pirate bug --

過了幾天之後，依據溫度狀況，

"minute," because it is rather small.

蛋就會孵化出來，

Here you can see the adult, black, and two young ones.

寄生者的幼蟲

And again, in action.

會從內部將蚜蟲吃掉。

This adult pierces the thrips,

這一切都是天生的，是自然的現象。

sucking it within just several minutes,

這可不是小說裡幻想的內容。

going to the other prey, continuing all over the place.

再說一次，就在你的後院裡，

And if we spread those minute pirate bugs, the good ones,

在你的後院裡。

for example, in a sweet pepper plot,

這就是最後的結果。

they go to the flowers.

這就是最後的結果：

And look -- this flower is flooded with predatory bugs, with the good ones,

木乃伊 --

after wiping out the bad ones, the thrips.

木 - 乃 - 伊。

So this is a very positive situation.

這是蚜蟲死亡後的外觀。

No harm to the developing fruit. No harm to the fruit set.

我們看看裡面。

Everything is just fine under these circumstances.

事實上，寄生者成長的過程中

But again, the question is,

幾分鐘後你就會看見它幾乎跑出來了。

here you saw them on a one-to-one basis -- the pest, the natural enemy.

它已經幾乎變成成蟲了。

What we do is actually this.

你可以在完整的紀錄片中看見這個。

In Northeast Israel, in Kibbutz Sde Eliyahu,

這只不過是幾分鐘的事情。

there is a facility that mass-produces those natural enemies.

如果這隻是雌鋒，它會立即和雄蜂交配，

In other words, what we do there is amplify the natural control,

之後就會立刻離開，因為它們沒有多少時間。

or the biological control phenomenon.

雌蜂只能存活三到四天的時間，

And in 30,000 square meters of state-of-the-art greenhouses,

它必須生出

there, we are mass-producing those predatory mites,

大約 4 百個蛋。

those minute pirate bugs,

意思是說，它必須找到 400 隻

those parasitic wasps, etc.

有害的蚜蟲

Many different parts.

將蛋放進它們的體液中。

By the way, they have a very nice landscape --

當然並不是就這樣而已。

you see the Jordanian Mountains on the one hand,

還有許多其他的天敵，

and the Jordan Valley on the other hand,

這只是最後的一個例子。

and a good, mild winter and a nice, hot summer,

我們再回頭來看看這個害蟲：

which is an excellent condition to mass-produce those creatures.

牧草蟲。

And by the way, mass-production -- it is not genetic manipulation.

對了，關於這些奇怪的名字 --

There are no GMOs -- genetically modified organisms -- whatsoever.

我們這邊不談正式的學名，

We take them from nature,

嗯，這些只是俗稱而已。

and the only thing that we do is give them the optimal conditions,

這是一種很細小，很苗條，

under the greenhouses or in the climate rooms,

很糟糕的害蟲。

in order to proliferate, multiply and reproduce.

看看這個甜椒。

And that's what we get.

這可不是外國品種，也不是裝飾用的甜椒，

You see under a microscope.

這是一個已經不能吃的甜椒，

You see in the upper left corner? You see a single predatory mite.

因為它被那些牧草蟲所帶的

And this is the whole bunch of predatory mites.

濾過性病毒所感染了。

You see this ampul. You see this one.

接下來，天敵登場了，

I have one gram of those predatory mites.

微小的掠食蟲，

One gram is 80,000 individuals.

說微小是因為它真的很小。

80,000 individuals are good enough to control one acre,

你可以看見那隻黑色的成蟲，還有兩隻幼蟲。

4,000 square meters,

接下來又到了行動時間。

of a strawberry plot

成蟲刺穿了牧草蟲，

against spider mites for the whole season

只花了幾分鐘的時間去吸食，

of almost one year.

然後就換另一個目標下手，

And we can produce from this, believe you me,

在這裡持續進行著。

several dozens of kilograms on an annual basis.

如果我們散佈這種微小的掠食蟲，那種益蟲，

So this is what I call amplification of the phenomenon.

例如在種植甜椒的菜園裡，

And no, we do not disrupt the balance.

它們會躲藏在花朵中。

On the contrary,

看這裡，當那些掠食性的蟲，那些益蟲

because we bring it to every cultural plot

將那些害蟲，牧草蟲都清理乾淨後，

where the balance was already disrupted

花朵裏擠滿了這些益蟲。

by the chemicals.

所以這是相當正面的情況。

Here we come with those natural enemies

對成長中的果實不會有害處，對成熟的果實也沒有害處。

in order to reverse a little bit of the wheel

在這種情況下，一切都很美好。

and to bring more natural balance to the agricultural plot

不過問題是，

by reducing those chemicals.

你可以發現這是一種一物剋一物的現象 --

That's the whole idea.

害蟲和它的天敵。

And what is the impact?

而我們正在做這件事。

In this table, you can actually see what is an impact

在以色列的東北方，

of a successful biological control by good bugs.

在 Sde Eliyahu 的集體農場裡，

For example, in Israel, where we employ more than 1,000 hectares --

有一個機構

10,000 dunams in Israeli terms --

正在量產那些天敵。

of biological pests controlling sweet pepper

換句話說，我們在那兒所做的，

under protection,

就是去放大，

75 percent of the pesticides were actually reduced.

我們去放大自然抑制的效果，

And Israeli strawberries, even more --

或該說是生物抑制的機制。

80 percent of the pesticides,

在三萬五千平方尺的

especially those aimed against pest mites in strawberries.

新型溫室之中，

So the impact is very strong.

我們正在量產那些掠食性的蟎，

And there goes the question,

那些微小的掠食性的蟲，

especially if you ask growers, agriculturists:

那些寄生的胡蜂 ... 等等。

Why biological control?

分成許多不同的區域。

Why good bugs?

對了，那兒有很棒的風景。

By the way, the number of answers you get

一邊有約旦山脈，

equals the number of people you ask.

另一邊有約旦溪谷，

But if we go, for example, to this place, Southeast Israel,

還有很棒，很溫和的冬天，

the Arava area above the Great Rift Valley,

以及很讚，很熱的夏天，

where the pearl of Israeli agriculture is located,

對於量產這些生物來說，

especially under greenhouse conditions, or under screenhouse conditions --

這些是極佳的條件。

if you drive all the way to Eilat, you see this

對了，這邊說的量產，

just in the middle of the desert.

並不是基因改造工程。

And if you zoom in,