by the beauty, form and function

我一直都為

of giant bluefin tuna.

大型黑鮪的型態與功能美

Bluefin are warmblooded like us.

所吸引。

They're the largest of the tunas,

黑鮪魚像我們一樣，都是恆溫動物，

the second-largest fish in the sea -- bony fish.

是體型最大的鮪魚，

They actually are a fish

也是海中第二大的硬骨魚。

that is endothermic --

實際上，牠們是

powers through the ocean with warm muscles like a mammal.

內溫魚類，

That's one of our bluefin at the Monterey Bay Aquarium.

像哺乳類一樣，以溫暖肌肉橫越海洋

You can see in its shape and its streamlined design

這是我們在Monterrey灣海生館中的一隻黑鮪魚

it's powered for ocean swimming.

你可以看到牠的流線體型

It flies through the ocean on its pectoral fins, gets lift,

這是牠們長距游泳的動力來源

powers its movements

藉由牠的胸鰭滑翔取得升力，橫越海洋

with a lunate tail.

並以半月形的尾鰭

It's actually got a naked skin for most of its body,

提供前進的動力

so it reduces friction with the water.

牠的身體表面大多光溜溜的

This is what one of nature's finest machines.

可以減少阻力

Now, bluefin

這是自然界裡最棒的設計

were revered by Man

黑鮪魚

for all of human history.

在人類史中

For 4,000 years, we fished sustainably for this animal,

一直備受尊崇

and it's evidenced

四千年以來，我們以永續方式合理捕捉鮪魚

in the art that we see

而這可從

from thousands of years ago.

一千年前的

Bluefin are in cave paintings in France.

史前藝術中得到證據

They're on coins

黑鮪魚出現法國的洞穴壁畫上

that date back 3,000 years.

以及三千年前的

This fish was revered by humankind.

硬幣上

It was fished sustainably

牠們受人類景仰

till all of time,

好幾個世代以來，

except for our generation.

人們合理的捕捉黑鮪

Bluefin are pursued wherever they go --

除了我們這個世代以外

there is a gold rush on Earth,

人們四處追捕黑鮪

and this is a gold rush for bluefin.

現在地球上有個淘金潮，

There are traps that fish sustainably

就是針對黑鮪魚

up until recently.

我們擁有可以永續捕捉的網具，

And yet, the type of fishing going on today,

直到最近，

with pens, with enormous stakes,

現在的漁業捕撈，

is really wiping bluefin

是用筆，夾帶著巨大利益，

ecologically off the planet.

將黑鮪魚從

Now bluefin, in general,

整個地球生態中抹除

goes to one place: Japan.

一般來說，捕獲的黑鮪

Some of you may be guilty

都會往日本送

of having contributed to the demise of bluefin.

在你們之中

They're delectable muscle,

也許有些人就是造成黑鮪滅絕的共犯

rich in fat --

牠們易感的肌肉

absolutely taste delicious.

富含脂肪，

And that's their problem; we're eating them to death.

非常美味

Now in the Atlantic, the story is pretty simple.

這就是問題所在，我們把牠給吃光了

Bluefin have two populations: one large, one small.

在大西洋的狀況很簡單

The North American population

黑鮪有兩個族群， 一大一小。

is fished at about 2,000 ton.

北美族群的

The European population and North African -- the Eastern bluefin tuna --

捕撈量大約在兩千噸左右。

is fished at tremendous levels:

歐洲北非的族群 -- 俗稱東方黑鮪 --

50,000 tons over the last decade almost every year.

捕撈量相當巨大：

The result is whether you're looking

在過去十年裡，幾乎年年超過五萬噸。

at the West or the Eastern bluefin population,

因此，不論你檢視

there's been tremendous decline on both sides,

西方還是東方黑鮪族群

as much as 90 percent

兩者的數量都有顯著減少，

if you go back with your baseline

下降幅度最多有九成

to 1950.

如果以

For that, bluefin have been given a status

1950年做基準線的話

equivalent to tigers, to lions,

所以，人們認定黑鮪魚具有

to certain African elephants

相當於老虎、獅子

and to pandas.

、某些非洲象

These fish have been proposed

和熊貓的地位。

for an endangered species listing in the past two months.

並在過去兩個月裡，提議將黑鮪魚

They were voted on and rejected

列入瀕臨滅絕生物表中

just two weeks ago,

兩週前的表決結果

despite outstanding science

未通過

that shows from two committees

即使有兩個委員會提供

this fish meets the criteria of CITES I.

大量的科學證據表示

And if it's tunas you don't care about,

此魚符合CITES I (瀕危生物公約) 標準。

perhaps you might be interested

如果你不在乎黑鮪

that international long lines and pursing

或許你會對以下這些有興趣：

chase down tunas and bycatch animals

國際延繩釣和圍網

such as leatherbacks, sharks,

不只捕撈鮪魚，同時也會抓到其他動物

marlin, albatross.

如革龜、鯊魚、

These animals and their demise

還有旗魚和信天翁

occurs in the tuna fisheries.

這些動物的死亡

The challenge we face

常因鮪魚漁業而起

is that we know very little about tuna,

我們現在所面臨的挑戰是

and everyone in the room knows what it looks like

我們對鮪魚所知不多：

when an African lion

在座各位都知道

takes down its prey.

一隻非洲獅

I doubt anyone has seen a giant bluefin feed.

將其獵物撲倒時，是甚麼樣子，

This tuna symbolizes

但我不相信有人看過一隻巨大的黑鮪魚捕食

what's the problem for all of us in the room.

這隻鮪魚代表的是

It's the 21st century, but we really have only just begun

我們共同的問題

to really study our oceans in a deep way.

現在是二十一世紀，但我們才剛剛開始

Technology has come of age

真正深入地研究海洋

that's allowing us to see the Earth from space

當今的科技已成熟到

and go deep into the seas remotely.

能讓我們自外太空看地球，

And we've got to use these technologies immediately

並從遠端深入海洋。

to get a better understanding

而我們得馬上運用這些科技

of how our ocean realm works.

來了解

Most of us from the ship -- even I --

海洋是如何運作的

look out at the ocean and see this homogeneous sea.

大多數在船上的人，包括我在內

We don't know where the structure is.

所看到的海的是一個單調的平面

We can't tell where are the watering holes

不了解海洋的結構

like we can on an African plain.

也無法像在非洲大平原上那樣

We can't see the corridors,

分辨出哪裡是汲水區

and we can't see what it is

看不出生態廊道所在

that brings together a tuna,

也不曉得

a leatherback and an albatross.

是甚麼力量將鮪魚、

We're only just beginning to understand

革龜和信天翁聚集在一起。

how the physical oceanography

我們才剛開始了解

and the biological oceanography

在海洋裡，物理和

come together

生物因素

to create a seasonal force

如何結合

that actually causes the upwelling

產生季節性的動力

that might make a hot spot a hope spot.

造成湧升流

The reasons these challenges are great

產生生物熱點，帶來生存希望

is that technically it's difficult to go to sea.

這是很艱鉅的挑戰

It's hard to study a bluefin on its turf,

因為直接進到海裡有技術上的困難

the entire Pacific realm.

我們很難在黑鮪魚的地盤

It's really tough to get up close and personal with a mako shark

也就是整個太平洋裡做研究

and try to put a tag on it.

要靠近鯖鯊到非常親密的距離

And then imagine being Bruce Mate's team from OSU,

然後試著把標識器固定上去，是非常困難的

getting up close to a blue whale

想像你是奧瑞岡州立大學Bruce Mate博士團隊的一員，

and fixing a tag on the blue whale that stays,

要接近一隻藍鯨，

an engineering challenge

並把標識器牢牢固定在藍鯨身上

we've yet to really overcome.

這是很大的技術挑戰

So the story of our team, a dedicated team,

而我們依舊未能克服這點

is fish and chips.

所以我們團隊，這個專注奉獻的團隊

We basically are taking

做的事情不出就是魚和晶片

the same satellite phone parts,

我們利用晶片，也就是

or the same parts that are in your computer, chips.

與衛星電話

We're putting them together in unusual ways,

以及你電腦裡相同的零件

and this is taking us into the ocean realm

用獨特的方式組合

like never before.

然後便這可以將我們帶到前所未經的

And for the first time,

大海裡

we're able to watch the journey of a tuna beneath the ocean

這是人們第一次

using light and photons

實際觀察鮪魚在海面下的移動路徑

to measure sunrise and sunset.

藉由光和光子

Now, I've been working with tunas for over 15 years.

去測量日升日落，取得時間資料

I have the privilege of being a partner

我與鮪魚為伍已有十五年了

with the Monterey Bay Aquarium.

很榮幸能與

We've actually taken a sliver of the ocean,

合作

put it behind glass,

截取一部分的大海

and we together

放進水槽裡

have put bluefin tuna and yellowfin tuna on display.

然後一起

When the veil of bubbles lifts every morning,

將黑鮪與黃鰭鮪展示起來

we can actually see a community from the Pelagic ocean,

每天早上當泡沫消散後

one of the only places on Earth

便能親眼目睹一個遠洋的生物群聚

you can see giant bluefin swim by.

這是地球上少數

We can see in their beauty of form and function,

能讓你見到巨大黑鮪悠遊的地方

their ceaseless activity.

讚嘆牠那型態與功能的美

They're flying through their space, ocean space.

以及毫不停歇的驚人活動力

And we can bring two million people a year

牠們在海洋裡飛翔著

into contact with this fish

這個展覽每年可以吸引兩百萬人

and show them its beauty.

和牠們接觸

Behind the scenes is a working lab at Stanford University

欣賞鮪魚的美

partnered with the Monterey Bay Aquarium.

這裡的幕後推手是史丹佛大學的一間實驗室

Here, for over 14 or 15 years,

與Monterrey灣水族館

we've actually brought in

十餘年來

both bluefin and yellowfin in captivity.

我們真的將

We'd been studying these fish,

黑鮪和黃鰭鮪帶進水族館中

but first we had to learn how to husbandry them.

要研究這些魚之前

What do they like to eat?

得先學習如何飼養牠們

What is it that they're happy with?

牠們喜歡吃什麼？

We go in the tanks with the tuna -- we touch their naked skin --

什麼事能讓牠們開心起來？

it's pretty amazing. It feels wonderful.

我們跳進養著鮪魚的水槽裡，摸著牠們的光滑的皮膚

And then, better yet,

那感覺非常美妙，棒極了

we've got our own version of tuna whisperers,

而且更棒的是

our own Chuck Farwell, Alex Norton,

我們有我們自己的馴魚員

who can take a big tuna

Chuck Farwell和Alex Norton

and in one motion,

可以將一隻巨大的鮪魚

put it into an envelope of water,

用一個動作

so that we can actually work with the tuna

便放到水籠裡

and learn the techniques it takes

讓我們實際觀察鮪魚

to not injure this fish

並學習需要如何

who never sees a boundary in the open sea.

避免傷害這些

Jeff and Jason there, are scientists

在汪洋裡不知邊界的大魚

who are going to take a tuna

Jeff和Jason兩位科學家負責

and put it in the equivalent of a treadmill, a flume.

把鮪魚

And that tuna thinks it's going to Japan, but it's staying in place.

放到一個作用類似跑步機的水槽

We're actually measuring its oxygen consumption,

讓鮪魚以為牠要游到日本，但其實只是原地踏步

its energy consumption.

同時測量氧氣和

We're taking this data and building better models.

能量消耗

And when I see that tuna -- this is my favorite view --

利用這些資料來建立更完善的鮪魚移動模式

I begin to wonder:

每當我看到鮪魚 -- 我喜歡從這個角度想 --

how did this fish solve the longitude problem before we did?

就會開始思考

So take a look at that animal.

牠們是如何早我們一步解決經度位置的問題

That's the closest you'll probably ever get.

仔細觀察這個動物

Now, the activities from the lab

這大概是你能離牠最近的距離

have taught us now how to go out in the open ocean.

現在，實驗室研究得到的訊息

So in a program called Tag-A-Giant

讓我們知道怎樣在野外研究牠們

we've actually gone from Ireland to Canada,

在 "大魚標記" 的計畫中，

from Corsica to Spain.

從愛爾蘭到加拿大，

We've fished with many nations around the world

從科西嘉島到西班牙都有我們的足跡

in an effort to basically

和世界上許多國家一起出海捕魚，

put electronic computers

努力把

inside giant tunas.

電腦放進

We've actually tagged 1,100 tunas.

巨大鮪魚的身體裡

And I'm going to show you three clips,

我們已經標記了1,100隻鮪魚

because I tagged 1,100 tunas.

我現在要給大家看三個短片，

It's a very hard process, but it's a ballet.

那1,100隻鮪魚都是我標記的

We bring the tuna out, we measure it.

這個步驟非常困難，就像芭蕾一樣精巧

A team of fishers, captains, scientists and technicians

我們先將鮪魚拉出水麵，進行各種測量

work together to keep this animal out of the ocean

一個包括漁夫、船長、科學家與技術員集結而成的團隊

for about four to five minutes.

共同合作讓大魚能離開水中

We put water over its gills, give it oxygen.

大約四到五分鐘

And then with a lot of effort, after tagging,

在牠的鰓上倒水，給牠氧氣

putting in the computer,

然後費盡一番功夫標記完後

making sure the stalk is sticking out so it senses the environment,

再把電腦放進去

we send this fish back into the sea.

確定感應桿有露出來，這樣才能偵測外界環境

And when it goes, we're always happy.

然後就把這隻魚放回海中

We see a flick of the tail.

當牠游走時，大家都很開心

And from our data that gets collected,

看牠的尾鰭輕擺

when that tag comes back,

從回收到的標識器中

because a fisher returns it

所收集的資訊

for a thousand-dollar reward,

喔，這是因為當漁夫發現並歸還標識器的話

we can get tracks beneath the sea

可以得到一千美金的酬金

for up to five years now,

我們可以追蹤海下活動

on a backboned animal.

達到五年之久

Now sometimes the tunas are really large,

這些資料都是從一隻脊椎動物身上來的

such as this fish off Nantucket.

有時候鮪魚相當巨大，

But that's about half the size

比如說這隻Nantucket灣外捕到的魚

of the biggest tuna we've ever tagged.

不過那大約只有我們標記過

It takes a human effort,

最大那隻鮪魚的一半大

a team effort, to bring the fish in.

這需要人力，

In this case, what we're going to do

要整組人同心協力，才可將魚抓起來

is put a pop-up satellite archival tag on the tuna.

在這裡，我們將會

This tag rides on the tuna,

把一個上脫型衛星標識器放到鮪魚身上

senses the environment around the tuna

這標識器待在鮪魚背上

and actually will come off the fish,

感受到鮪魚周圍的環境，

detach, float to the surface

最後從魚身上脫落

and send back to Earth-orbiting satellites

離開魚身，然後浮到海面

position data estimated by math on the tag,

並將資料傳送到繞地運行的衛星上

pressure data and temperature data.

包括計算所得的位置資訊

And so what we get then from the pop-up satellite tag

以及壓力與溫度數據

is we get away from having to have a human interaction

從上脫型衛星標識器裡，我們可以

to recapture the tag.

不用透過人工接觸

Both the electronic tags I'm talking about are expensive.

進行標記回收

These tags have been engineered

我提到的這兩種電子標識器都很昂貴

by a variety of teams in North America.

而這些標識器

They are some of our finest instruments,

是北美許多團隊的心血結晶

our new technology in the ocean today.

是目前我們在海洋中

One community in general

運用的最先端科技

has given more to help us than any other community.

有一個漁業社群

And that's the fisheries off the state of North Carolina.

給我們的協助比其他人更多

There are two villages, Harris and Morehead City,

那就是北卡羅萊納州的漁業社群

every winter for over a decade,

那邊有兩個村莊，Harris和Morehead市，

held a party called Tag-A-Giant,

在過去的十幾年裡，每年冬天都

and together, fishers worked with us

會舉辦"大魚標記"派對

to tag 800 to 900 fish.

漁民和我們合作

In this case, we're actually going to measure the fish.

標記八九百隻魚

We're going to do something that in recent years we've started:

這時，我們不僅進行各種測量

take a mucus sample.

近年來我們更開始

Watch how shiny the skin is; you can see my reflection there.

採集黏液樣本