And over the past 35 years,

我是一個神經科學家，在加州大學任職的教授。

I've studied behavior

在過去35年來，

on the basis of everything from genes

我致力於研究行為模式，

through neurotransmitters, dopamine, things like that,

根據各式各樣的材料，從基因

all the way through circuit analysis.

到神經傳導物質，像多巴胺等，

So that's what I normally do.

一直到電路分析。

But then, for some reason,

這些就是我平常在做的事。

I got into something else, just recently.

但突然間為了某個理由，

And it all grew out of one of my colleagues asking me

最近我投入了另一個領域。

to analyze a bunch of brains

這都是因為我的同事叫我

of psychopathic killers.

分析一堆

And so this would be the typical talk I would give.

變態殺人犯的腦。

And the question is, "How do you end up with a psychopathic killer?"

所以這就是我一般會講的演講內容。

What I mean by psychopathic killer

問題是，“你到底是怎麼樣變成變態殺人犯的？”

are these people, these types of people.

我所說的變態殺人犯是指

And so some of the brains that I've studied

你在畫面上看到的這些人，這類的角色。

are people you know about.

所以有些我所研究的腦

When I get the brains I don't know what I'm looking at.

是來自你們所知道的人。

It's blind experiments. They also gave me normal people and everything.

當我取得這些腦時，我不知道我要看什麼。

So I've looked at about 70 of these.

這些是盲性實驗，因為他們也提供正常人的腦和其他所有的材料給我。

And what came up was a number of pieces of data.

所以我看了約70個腦。

So we look at these sorts of things theoretically,

最後得到了幾張數據。

on the basis of genetics,

所以我們以理論的角度來看這些數據，

and brain damage, and interaction with environment,

根據遺傳學，

and exactly how that machine works.

腦部的損傷、和環境間的交互作用，

So we're interested in exactly where in the brain,

還有到底腦這個機器是怎麼運作的。

and what's the most important part of the brain.

所以我們感興趣的是到底是腦的哪個部位，

So we've been looking at this:

以及什麼是腦最重要的部分。

the interaction of genes,

所以這就是我們在觀察的事。

what's called epigenetic effects,

基因、

brain damage, and environment,

所謂的表觀遺傳的影響、

and how these are tied together.

腦部損傷、和環境彼此之間的交互作用，

And how you end up with a psychopath, and a killer,

以及這些因子是怎麼串連在一起的。

depends on exactly when the damage occurs.

怎麼會變成一個變態，一個殺人犯

It's really a very precisely timed thing.

是要看傷害到底是何時發生的。

You get different kinds of psychopaths.

這真的是和時機有絕對的關係，

So we're going along with this. And here's, just to give you the pattern.

也會造成不一樣的心理變態。

The pattern is that those people, every one of them I looked at,

所以我們也相信這樣的理論。這張圖，只是要告訴你腦部的圖像模式是如何。

who was a murderer, and was a serial killer,

這些模式說明這些人，每一個我觀察過的人，

had damage to their orbital cortex,

如果是殺人犯，或是連續殺人犯，

which is right above the eyes, the orbits,

他們的眼眶皮質都有受損。

and also the interior part of the temporal lobe.

也就是眼睛正上方的眼眶，

So there is the pattern that every one of them had,

還有顳葉內部。

but they all were a little different too.

這是他們每一個人都存在的模式。

They had other sorts of brain damage.

但是每個人也有一些不同，

A key thing is that

他們還有一些別的腦部傷害。

the major violence genes,

最關鍵的是來自

it's called the MAO-A gene.

主要暴力基因的影響，

And there is a variant of this gene that is in the normal population.

像是 MAO-A 基因。

Some of you have this. And it's sex-linked.

這基因在正常人中有很多型態，

It's on the X chromosome. And so in this way

你們之中就有些人有這個基因。而且它是性聯遺傳，

you can only get it from your mother.

它位在X染色體上，因此，

And in fact this is probably why mostly men, boys,

你只會從你的母親那裏獲得這基因。

are psychopathic killers,

事實上，這可能是為什麼大部分的變態殺人犯

or are very aggressive.

或是非常喜歡挑釁攻擊的人，

Because a daughter can get one X from the father,

都是男性的原因。

one X from the mother, it's kind of diluted out.

因為女兒會從父親那裏得到一個X染色體，

But for a son, he can only get

從母親獲得另一個X染色體，所以這基因表現有點被稀釋掉了。

the X chromosome from his mother.

但如果是兒子，他只會從

So this is how it's passed from mother to son.

母親處獲得X染色體。

And it has to do with too much brain serotonin during development,

這就是這基因從母親傳到兒子的方式。

which is kind of interesting because serotonin

這也和發展時期腦部的血清素有非常大的關係。

is supposed to make you calm and relaxed.

這一點很有趣，因為血清素

But if you have this gene, in utero

本來應該會讓你冷靜和放鬆，

your brain is bathed in this,

但是如果你有這個基因，在子宮內

so your whole brain becomes insensitive to serotonin,

你的腦就沉浸在血清素中。

so it doesn't work later on in life.

所以你整個腦對血清素就變得麻木不敏感，

And I'd given this one talk in Israel,

使得它在往後的生命中失去作用。

just this past year.

就在去年，

And it does have some consequences.

我也曾在以色列做過這個演講。

Theoretically what this means

這背後當然是有其一定重要的影響性。

is that in order to express this gene,

理論上這表示的是，

in a violent way,

如果要讓這個基因

very early on, before puberty,

以暴力的方式表現的話，

you have to be involved in something that is really traumatic --

在很小的時候，在青春期之前，

not a little stress, not being spanked or something,

一定要經歷過對你來說是很慘痛的事，

but really seeing violence,

不是一點點壓力，也不是被打屁股這類的小事。

or being involved in it, in 3D.

而是真的親眼見到暴力，

Right? That's how the mirror neuron system works.

或是被捲入其中，真正立體真實的經歷。

And so, if you have that gene,

了解嗎？這就是鏡像神經元系統作用的方式。

and you see a lot of violence

因此，如果你有這個基因，

in a certain situation,

然後你在某種狀態下

this is the recipe for disaster, absolute disaster.

親眼目睹了很多的暴力事件，

And what I think might happen in these areas of the world,

這就是引發悲劇的處方了，絕對是個災難。

where we have constant violence,

我認為世界上這些充滿暴力

you end up having generations of kids

的地區可能帶來的後果就是，

that are seeing all this violence.

世世代代的小孩

And if I was a young girl, somewhere in a violent area,

他們都得目睹週遭的這些暴力。

you know, a 14 year old, and I want to find a mate,

假設我是一個生長在暴力籠罩地區的女孩，

I'd find some tough guy, right, to protect me.

一個14歲的小女孩，如果我要找個對象，

Well what the problem is this tends to concentrate these genes.

我當然會要找個很強壯，會保護我的男生，對吧!

And now the boys and the girls get them.

這樣帶來的問題就是，這些暴力基因就很容易就被集中在一起，

So I think after several generations,

而這些男孩和女孩都會遺傳到這些基因，

and here is the idea, we really have a tinderbox.

我想在幾代之後，

So that was the idea.

我們就真的會有個暴力的引爆箱了。

But then my mother said to me, "I hear you've been going around talking

這就是大概的概念。

about psychopathic killers.

但是有一天我媽媽對我說：「聽說你到處演講，

And you're talking as if you come from a normal family."

討論關於變態殺人犯的事。

I said, "What the hell are you talking about?"

然後你說得好像你是來自一個正常的家庭一樣。」

She then told me about our own family tree.

我回答：「你到底在說什麼鬼？」

Now she blamed this on my father's side, of course.

她才告訴我關於我自己的族譜。

This was one of these cases, because she has no violence in her background,

但是當然她把過錯都推到我爸爸那邊的家庭。

but my father did.

這就是這種狀況中的一個例子，因為她的家庭背景並沒有暴力的歷史，

Well she said, "There is good news and bad news.

但是我父親這邊有。

One of your cousins is Ezra Cornell, founder of Cornell university.

她就說：「有好消息也有壞消息。

But the bad news is that your cousin is also Lizzie Borden.

好消息是，你的表哥之一叫Ezra Cornell，是康乃爾大學的創辦人。

Now I said, "Okay, so what? We have Lizzie."

但壞消息是，你另一個表姊叫Lizzi Borden。」

She goes, "No it gets worse, read this book."

我就說：「好啊，我們有 Lizzi 又怎麼樣？」

And here is this "Killed Strangely," and it's this historical book.

她回答：「狀況是越來越糟，看看這本書。」

And the first murder

就是這本 “離奇謀殺案”，這是本描述歷史的書。

of a mother by a son

第一樁媽媽被兒子殺死的

was my great-great-great-great-great-great-grandfather.

謀殺案，

Okay, so that's the first case of matricide.

兇手就是我的曾曾曾曾曾曾曾祖父。

And that book is very interesting. Because it's about witch trials,

好啦，這就是第一宗弒母案。

and how people thought back then.

這本書其實很有趣，它是在講女巫的審判，

But it doesn't stop there.

還有當時的人們的思想。

There were seven more men, on my father's side,

事情不是簡單到此而已，

starting then, Cornells, that were all murderers.

還有七名男士，是我父親那邊的親戚，

Okay, now this gives one a little pause.

從康乃爾家族那個時候開始，全都是殺人犯。

(Laughter)

到這裡，不得不讓你停頓一下。

Because my father himself,

(笑聲)

and my three uncles, in World War II,

因為我父親自己，

were all conscientious objectors, all pussycats.

還有我三個叔叔，在第二次世界大戰期間，

But every once in a while, like Lizzie Borden, like three times a century,

他們都是反戰主義者，都是很溫和的人。

and we're kind of due.

但是每隔一陣子就會冒出個Lizzi Borden，大約是每一百年出三個。

(Laughter)

現在好像時間差不多到了。

So the moral of the story is:

(笑聲)

people in glass houses shouldn't throw stones.

所以這個故事的寓意就是：

But more likely is this.

住在玻璃屋裡的人不要互擲石頭。

(Laughter)

但其實真正的是；「我不管別人知道什麼關於我的事，只要我媽永遠都不發現就好。」

And we had to take action. Now our kids found out about it.

(笑聲)

And they all seemed to be OK.

所以我們也不得不採取一些行動，尤其是現在我們的小孩都知道發生什麼事。

But our grandkids are going to be kind of concerned here.

他們看起來都沒什麼問題，

So what we've done is I've started to do PET scans

但是我們的孫子輩可能是我們要注意的。

of everybody in the family.

所以我們做的就是我開始對家裡所有的人

(Laughter)

進行PET掃描 (正子掃描) 。

We started to do PET scans, EEGs and genetic analysis

(笑聲)

to see where the bad news is.

我們做了PET掃描、EEG (腦波圖)、還有遺傳分析，

Now the only person -- it turns out

看看問題出在哪裡。

one son and one daughter, siblings,

結果唯一有問題的是

didn't get along and their patterns are exactly the same.

一對兄妹。

They have the same brain, and the same EEG.

他們以前無法和睦相處，且他們的腦部掃描有同樣的模式圖像。

And now they are close as can be.

他們有同樣的大腦，同樣的腦波圖。

But there's gonna be bad news somewhere.

但是他們現在比任何人的關係都緊密。

And we don't know where it's going to pop up.

不過將來一定會在某些地方出問題，

So that's my talk.

只是我們不知道它什麼時麼時候會跑出來。

(Laughter)

這就是我的演講。