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點擊說明處的連結來註冊

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以獲得試用版本以及九折的首購優惠

Hey guys, I'm giving away some Freedom in Thought t-shirts.

嗨大家！我會送出一些 Freedom in Thought 圓領汗衫

If you want to enter to win one,

如果你想要進來贏走它，

just follow me on Twitter, Instagram and reply to one of these posts with your shirt size.

只要在 Twitter 和 Instagram 上追蹤我，並在貼文當中留下你衣服的尺寸

I have sizes ranging from small to double XL.

我的尺寸有從小號到特大號

The winners will be chosen by next week.

下禮拜會選出獲獎者

[Music]

In my last essay, we discussed the importance of critical thinking.

在我上個短文中，我們討論了批判性思考的重要性。

Now it's time to answer the trillion dollar question:

現在我們要回答一個價值上兆的問題

How do you become a critical thinker?

如何成為一個會批判性思考的人？

I should reiterate that I am talking about critical thinking

我得先重申，我說的批判性思考

in the sense that it is a personality trait and not a skill.

從某種意義上說，是一種人格特質而不是一種技能

The tendency to think critically about the world emerges from

要去批判性思考的這種傾向起源於

having the proper character traits.

有適當的性格特徵

I think the following traits serve as a good starting point.

我認為以下特徵是很好的開始

"Open and fair-mindedness, inquisitiveness, flexibility,

「開放、公正、好奇心強、靈活性強、

a propensity to seek reason, a desire to be well-informed

喜歡追根究底、渴望消息靈通，

and a respect for and willingness to entertain diverse viewpoints."

尊重和樂於接受各種不同的觀點。」

Emily Lai, Pearson Assessments

Emily Lai, Pearson Assessments

There is no quick hack to becoming a critical thinker,

成為一個批判性思考者沒有捷徑

but there are some habits that

但有些習慣

one can build to alter their character in the right direction.

是一個人可以先建立起來以將自己的性格往正確的方向做修正

Habit number one: Read a lot and read widely.

習慣一：大量且廣泛地閱讀

Exposing yourself to unique points of view

將自己暴露在一個特別的觀點

is a good way to spark constant curiosity and to stay open-minded.

是個維持好奇心以及保持心胸寬廣的態度的好方法

Well-read people understand that

好的閱讀者都知道

there are multiple ways to look at a problem

可以用好幾種方法去看待一個問題

and multiple lenses with which to view the world.

以及好多個觀點去看這個世界

Habit number two: Don't jump to conclusions.

習慣二：不要妄下結論

A good critical thinker has built up

一個好的批判性思考者都建立了

the habit of not jumping to conclusions, especially in the absence of data.

不要隨便跳到結論的習慣，特別是在沒有足夠數據的時候

They only make a judgement once they have studied a topic in some depth

他們只會在他們對一主題有深入研究之後才會做判斷

and can justify their position with sound reasoning.

並有嚴謹的邏輯證明自己的立場

Habit number three: Create systems, not goals.

習慣三：創造系統，而非目標

For example, creating a system, habit, or ritual that promotes writing every day

比方說，為了每天精進自己的寫作能力而創造一個系統、習慣或是儀式

is more effective than setting the goal of writing an essay a week.

會比設定一週一作文還來得有效。

A system can be measured, refined and optimized. A goal cannot.

系統可以被測量、改進和優化。目標則不行

I can work on the inputs of my system to create better quality and quantity of outputs.

我可以在我系統的輸入端下功夫以改善我產出的品質和數量

A goal only focuses on the outputs.

目標只專注在產出

To improve the quality of my writing,

為了改善我寫作的品質

I created checklist that I can run through after completing each essay.

我會創一個在我每次寫完作文後可以檢視的清單

Every time I use my system, I create better essays.

每當我使用我的系統，我都會寫出更好的文章

With every essay I finish, I go back and refine my system.

我每寫一篇文章，我就會回去修改我的系統

It's a feedback loop that can be measured and improved.

這是一個可以被測量以及精進的回饋輪迴

Habit number four: Argue with yourself.

習慣四：與自己辯論

Great thinkers routinely and intelligently try to counter their own arguments.

優秀的思考者會規律性地、明智地反駁對自己的論點

They go back and forth until

他們會一直做這件事直到

only the most rational and strongest argument exists based on the knowledge they have.

在他們認知內最合理、最有力的論點出現

This is also the mission of any good scientists.

這也是好科學家的任務

The scientist tries to prove themselves wrong, not right.

科學家會試圖證明自己是錯的，而不是對的

When they continually fail to do so,

當他們無法證明自己是錯的

it's very likely that only the truth remains.

那就有可能剩下來的東西就是真理

Habit number five: Be willing to change your opinion, be unattached to information,

習慣五：願意改變自己的意見，不要依賴資訊

have the willingness to change an opinion in the face of better data.

在有更好的數據支持時樂意改變自己的意見

Habit number six: Write.

習慣六：書寫

Writing is thinking.

在書寫時就是在思考

The better we get at writing, the better we get at thinking.

我們越會書寫就越會思考

Writing also helps us separate what we actually know from what we think we know.

書寫會讓我們將「我們真的知道的」跟「我們以為我們知道的」分開

Habit number seven: Seek adversity.

習慣七：尋求逆境

This one is controversial, but I believe it's the most powerful.

這點有爭議，但我認為非常有用

The main reason schools fail to teach critical thinking

學校沒有教批判性思維的主要原因

is because they don't create the optimal environment to foster the correct character traits.

在於他們沒有創造一個適合培養正確人格特性的環境

Schools are overly standardized and structured.

學校太制式化跟架構化了

The rules are very rigid.

規則很僵硬

Once students understand the rules, school becomes a game.

一旦學生了解了規則，學校就變成了遊戲

Once they've established a game strategy that works,

一旦他們建立了一套可行的遊戲策略

they can play the game very passively and get by.

他們可以非常被動地在這遊戲過關

Most students quickly learn the bare minimum amount of effort required to get a job.

大部分的學生很快就學到了花最小力氣找到工作的方法

And then they have no incentive to work harder and to think actively.

在這之後他們就沒有了認真工作、積極思考的動機了

But if you take them out of that game, if you break the immersion,

但如果你把他們抓出遊戲，如果你打破這封閉的環境

they are now forced to think critically.

他們就會被迫進行批判性思考

In adversity, they learn to create new rules and break old ones.

在逆境中，他們學會創造新規並打破舊規

They have to because it's either do or die.

他們必須這麼做，否則就會被淘汰

The shift from a passive thinker to an active thinker

從被動的思考者變成一個主動的思考者

is very subtle on the surface because it happens internally.

表面的變化是非常微小的，因為這會發生在內在

It requires internal conviction, a strong belief in oneself.

它需要信念，對自己很強的信念

Regardless of how many tips I give someone to become a critical thinker,

儘管我給想要變成批判性思考者的人許多小技巧

It ultimately has to come from a deep desire within.

但這一切都來自發自內心的渴望

Most great women and men have gone through adversity.

許多偉大的女性、男性都走過困境

Why? Because adversity generates a lot of internal conviction.

為什麼？因為困境使人產生許多內部信念

This internal conviction drives them and constantly shifts them into active modes of thinking .

這種內部信念驅使著他們，不斷將他們轉換到積極的思考方式

Instead of living defensively, they attack life with ferocity.

他們不防禦性地過活，他們猛烈地攻擊生命

They know they're gonna die one day. Time is running out.

他們知道自己有一天會死。時間正在一點一滴流逝

They don't know when that day will come, so they attack life.

他們不知道那天什麼時候會到來，所以他們主動出擊

They race against death because they have a purpose to fulfill.

他們跟死亡賽跑，因為他們有目標要去達成

I like to think of critical thinking as a tendency and not a skill.

我喜歡將批判性思考當作一種傾向而非技能

Great thinkers constantly tend towards critical thinking in their daily lives.

傑出的思考者在日常生活中會不斷地傾向批判性地思考事情

If school doesn't teach students critical thinking, where are people learning it?

如果說學校不教批判性思考，那人們是從哪裡習得的呢？

Life, adversity, books, the Internet.

生活中、困境裡、書上、網路上

These people become critical thinkers despite school not because of it.

這些人不是因為學校而成為批判性思考家

They learn it because they have to.

他們是因為有需要所以才去學

I believe that one day schools will catch up into a better job of fostering this environment,

我相信有一天，學校會跟上腳步，會去培育一個這樣的環境

but, thankfully, we always have the power to put ourselves in a position to learn it.

但，謝天謝替地，我們都有能力讓自己去學習

Thanks to Squarespace.

感謝 Squarespace

Anyone who clicks the link in the description will get a free trial and 10% off their first purchase.

點在說明欄位裡面的連結的人都會得到免費試用的版本，以及九成的首購優惠

Squarespace allows you to make beautiful websites with their all-in-one platform.

Squarespace 讓你可以在多合一的平台做出漂亮的網站

You don't need to know any coding at all to get started,

你不需要會寫的程式就可以開始

and they have beautiful award-winning templates.

他們有漂亮的、獲獎的模板

When I first started Freedom in Thought, it began as a blog for engineering students,

當 Freedom in Thought 剛開始時，他是一個給工程系學生的部落格

and the platform I used to set up that blog with Squarespace.

當時我就是用 Squarespace 來建立部落格

They made it easy for me to get a good looking website up,

他們讓人很容易就可以做出漂亮的網站、

and just get started with the writing and publishing.

上手及發布

I now use them to run three of my websites: Engineering Worth for engineering students,

我現在用他來經營我的三個網站：給工程系學生的 Engineering Worth、

Freedom in Thought, and my own personal and professional website.

Freedom in Thought 以及我自己的專業網站

Whether you're a musician, designer, entrepreneur or student,

無論你是音樂家、設計師、企業家或學生

a good professional web site is a must, and Squarespace can help you set one up easily.

你都需要一個專業的網站，而 Squarespace 幫你輕鬆建立一個

Again, click the link in the description to get a free trial and 10% off your first purchase.

一樣，點擊說明欄的連結去獲得免費試用的機會和九成的首購優惠

As always, thanks for watching, and I'll see you next time.

不免俗地，感謝收看，下次再見