Name: 【TED】Daniel Wolpert：大腦的真正原因（Daniel Wolpert：The real reason for brains）。 (【TED】Daniel Wolpert: The real reason for brains (Daniel Wolpert: The real reason for brains))
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T07:00:21.000Z
Duration: 20 min

we have to deal with many difficult questions about the brain.

我們必須處理許多關於大腦的艱深問題。

But I want to start with the easiest question

但是我想從最簡單的問題開始談起，

and the question you really should have all asked yourselves at some point in your life,

而每個人在人生中都該問過自己這個問題，

這問題就是，為什麼我們和其他動物

Not all species on our planet have brains,

並非地球上所有的生物都有大腦，

so if we want to know what the brain is for,

所以如果我們想知道大腦的作用，

就得想想我們為何會進化出一個大腦。

是為了感覺這個世界或是思考，

If you think about this question for any length of time,

如果你花了很多時間去思考這個問題，

it's blindingly obvious why we have a brain.

這將會使你誤判為什麼我們會有大腦。

We have a brain for one reason and one reason only,

and that's to produce adaptable and complex movements.

是為了產生適合且複雜的動作。

There is no other reason to have a brain.

Now that's not quite true. There's one other way, and that's through sweating.

這並非完全正確。還有一個方式，就是透過冒汗。

everything else goes through contractions of muscles.

每件事都必須藉由肌肉的收縮。

speech, gestures, writing, sign language --

they're all mediated through contractions of your muscles.

這些都藉由收縮你的肌肉來達成。

that sensory, memory and cognitive processes are all important,

感覺、記憶和理解程序都很重要，

to either drive or suppress future movements.

開始或結束後續的動作, 所以才會重要。

if it doesn't affect the way you're going to move later in life.

如果它對你未來生活的行為沒有幫助。

Now for those who don't believe this argument,

對於那些不相信這種說法的人們，

we have trees and grass on our planet without the brain,

雖然地球上的樹和草都沒有大腦，

but the clinching evidence is this animal here --

Rudimentary animal, has a nervous system,

這種未進化的動物，擁有神經系統，

swims around in the ocean in its juvenile life.

And the first thing it does in implanting on that rock, which it never leaves,

當它攀附上這永遠居住的岩石之後，

is to digest its own brain and nervous system

就是將它的大腦和神經系統當食物吃掉。

你就不需要大腦這種奢侈品了。

as an analogy to what happens at universities

獲得終身職位之後會發生的事情，

I believe movement is the most important function of the brain --

我認為大腦最重要的功能就是控制動作，

don't let anyone tell you that it's not true.

別讓任何人告訴你這不是真的。

我們對於了解大腦如何控制動作

understanding how the brain controls movement?

And the answer is we're doing extremely poorly; it's a very hard problem.

答案是，少得可憐；這是很艱深的難題。

by thinking about how well we're doing building machines

看看我們對於建造能做出和人類一樣動作的機器

How well are we doing determining what piece to move where?

我們決定該將哪個棋子移到哪個位置這種研究做得怎麼樣？

If you pit Garry Kasparov here, when he's not in jail,

如果你在 Gary Kasparov 還沒去坐牢之前，

讓他跟 IBM 的深藍電腦進行比賽，

well the answer is IBM's Deep Blue will occasionally win.

IBM 的深藍電腦有時候可以獲勝。

And I think if IBM's Deep Blue played anyone in this room, it would win every time.

我想如果讓 IBM 的深藍電腦跟在座任何一位下棋，它每次都會獲勝。

dexterously manipulating it and putting it back down on the board?

靈巧地拿起它，再放回棋盤上呢？

If you put a five year-old child's dexterity against the best robots of today,

如果你讓一個五歲的小孩跟現今最棒的機器人進行比賽，

那麼，為什麼之前的問題很容易做到？

原因之一是，一個很聰明的五歲小孩

could tell you the algorithm for that top problem --

可以告訴你上面問題的演算法則 --

look at all possible moves to the end of the game

找出直到遊戲結束的所有可能移動步法，

然後選擇可以讓你獲勝的步法。

但是利用龐大的電腦系統，我們估算

it's not even clear what the algorithm is you have to solve to be dexterous.

甚至沒有明確的演算法則告訴你什麼叫做靈巧。

And we'll see you have to both perceive and act on the world,

於是你必須感覺同時去做出反應，

But let me show you cutting-edge robotics.

Now a lot of robotics is very impressive,

but manipulation robotics is really just in the dark ages.

但是操控機器人仍舊處於黑暗的時代。

這是在某一個很棒的機器人學院中，

from one of the best robotics institutes.

【TED】Daniel Wolpert：大腦的真正原因（Daniel Wolpert：The real reason for brains）。 (【TED】Daniel Wolpert: The real reason for brains (Daniel Wolpert: The real reason for brains))

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【TED】Daniel Wolpert：大腦的真正原因（Daniel Wolpert：The real reason for brains）。 (【TED】Daniel Wolpert: The real reason for brains (Daniel Wolpert: The real reason for brains))

stick

perceive

extremely

applause