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  • Being a teenager is hard. And so is living with one, I'm told.

    經歷青春期不容易,我知道和青少年相處也是

  • No human gets to escape this moody, angsty, confusing phase

    每個人都會經歷這段情緒起伏、易怒且困惑的時期

  • And interestingly, such an extended adolescence is unique to humans.

    有趣的是,這麼長的青春期是人類獨有的

  • Other animals grow up a lot faster than we do.

    其他動物的成長速度比人類快許多

  • And you may think our teen years are just about streamlining bodies for baby making,

    也許你會認為青春期只是讓身體成熟,以迎接生小孩的階段

  • but as it turns out, the storm of sex hormones that we associate with the teenage years,

    一提到青春期,我們就會聯想到大量的荷爾蒙變化

  • are only a small part of what's really going on in the teenage body.

    但事實上荷爾蒙的變化只是青春期的一小部分

  • Most of the action, it turns out, is happening in the brain.

    大腦才是影響青春期的關鍵

  • Until fairly recently, we thought that the brain finished the nuts and bolts of its development,

    直到最近,我們都認為大腦的發育

  • by the time we started kindergarten. But really,

    在上幼稚園之前就差不多完成了

  • right as puberty rolls in, it undergoes massive remodeling.

    但事實上,進入青春期後,大腦會經歷許多變化

  • This amounts to several years of neural growing pains, as well as the

    造成青春期孩子數年的生長痛,再加上

  • other more visible growth that's going on all over your body.

    其他更明顯的身體發育

  • So take heart!

    聽好了!

  • Whether you're going through it now, or about to go through it,

    不管你是正在經歷青春期、或是即將經歷

  • or count yourself among the veterans of that turbulent decade,

    還是已經非常習慣這個混亂的時期

  • know that the result of the teen years is a stronger, faster, more sophisticated brain.

    要知道青春期過後,會擁有發育更好、更快也更成熟的大腦

  • If there were someone that told me twenty years ago...

    可惜二十年前沒人告訴我件事…

  • Let's start with that obvious scapegoat of adolescent anguish, hormones.

    首先,荷爾蒙被認為是青春期焦躁不安的罪魁禍首

  • That word itself, is kind of a lazy shorthand that people use

    荷爾蒙 (hormone) 是簡稱,用來形容

  • to describe the chemicals that some of our glands secrete, that can affect our behavior.

    腺體分泌的化學物質,而它會影響人類行為

  • But the fact is, hormones have all kinds of jobs that have nothing to do with where you grow hair,

    但事實上,荷爾蒙有很多其他作用和你毛髮生長在哪裡、

  • or what turns you on, or whether you feel glum for no apparent reason

    什麼使你興奮和莫名其妙的情緒低落都沒有關係

  • Hormones keep your heart beating, and your body hydrated, and they make your organs grow,

    荷爾蒙讓心臟跳動、讓身體保有水份、讓器官生長

  • and make you grow bone, and muscle, and skin!

    讓你長出骨頭、肌肉與皮膚

  • What people actually mean when they talk about "teenage hormones", are sex hormones.

    大家談論「青少年荷爾蒙」時其實談的都是性荷爾蒙

  • And yes, puberty involves a whole series of sex hormone storms,

    的確,性荷爾蒙在青春期很活躍

  • the first of which actually kicks in before you're out of Primary School.

    小學畢業前就會第一次感受到性荷爾蒙影響

  • That's when the Adrenal glands starts secreting androgens, which triggers the growth

    這段期間由於腎上腺體分泌雄性激素

  • in activity of the skin's sebaceous glands, making skin more oily.

    刺激皮膚分泌油酯的腺體,使皮膚出油

  • Soon enough, more apocrine or sweat glands get activated increasing body odor.

    很快地,更多頂漿腺與汗腺會運作,加重體味

  • Then comes the wave of hormonal agents that start activating the gonads.

    接著大量的荷爾蒙帶動性腺分泌

  • For boys, this influx of luteinizing hormones from the pituitary gland, get testosterone from the testes,

    以男性來說,腦下垂體釋放促黃體激素後,使睪丸釋出睪酮

  • and suddenly, that guy has up to fifty times more testosterone than he did before puberty.

    因此男性在青春期釋出的睪酮比青春期前多五十倍

  • This also changes the shape of the male body, promoting hair growth,

    睪酮也會改變男性的身形,刺激毛髮生長

  • and building up lean muscle mass,

    促進肌肉組織生長

  • just as the increased presence of estrogen in girls rearranges the deposition of their fats,

    就如女性的卵激素會讓體內脂肪分布改變一樣

  • stimulating the growth of breasts.

    刺激乳房的生長

  • Humans are actually lucky to experience the craziness of puberty only once,

    人類只要經歷一次青春期,其實算幸運了

  • many other animals undergo multiple similarly intense hormonal rodeos as they enter sexually active periods,

    每到繁殖季節,許多動物都會經歷多次類似的大量荷爾蒙混亂時期

  • sometimes called the rut or heat, every new breeding season.

    有時我們把這種現象叫做發情期

  • Some male species completely stop eating during their breeding period,

    有些雄性動物在繁殖季節完全不進食

  • because they're just that sex crazed.

    因為他們一心想要交配

  • And yet all that said, teens are far less ruled than their hormones than you might think.

    即使如此,青少年受到的賀爾蒙影響比你想像中更少

  • There are other factors that play here.

    還有其他原因

  • For example, your favorite moody teen may be by turns punchy, angry, depressed, or in a zombie like fog,

    例如,你的孩子可能一下激動、一下憤怒、突然憂鬱,又突然如行屍走肉般

  • because of their chronic lack of sleep.

    就因為他們長期缺乏睡眠

  • Sleep is vital to everyone, but it's specially important for kids and teens, because it's during sleep

    睡眠對每個人都很重要,特別是小孩和青少年

  • that your pituitary gland releases an essential growth hormone, necessary for development.

    睡覺時,腦下垂體會釋出重要的成長激素,對發育相當重要

  • A normal sleep cycle driven by circadian rhythm is regulated by the daytime release of cortisol,

    一般睡眠循環是由生理時鐘控制,白天釋出的可體松

  • which helps you wake up, and melatonin, which helps you wind down when it gets dark.

    讓人體知道起床時間,夜晚釋出褪黑激素,讓人天黑後放鬆下來

  • But this biology of sleep timing changes as we age and as puberty begins, teens' sleep clocks get pushed back.

    睡眠時間會隨年紀變化,青春期開始後會延後青少年的睡眠時間

  • Most adults start oozing melatonin around 10 p.m. ish, but one study showed that teenagers

    大多數成人晚上十點前後會分泌褪黑激素,有一項研究顯示青少年

  • don't start producing melatonin until closer to 1am! This may be because puberty's hormonal frenzy

    將近凌晨一點才開始分泌褪黑激素,可能由於體內的荷爾蒙

  • is stalling the release of melatonin, and could partly explain why so many teens stay up late,

    使褪黑激素的釋放減緩,便可以解釋很多青少年為何熬夜

  • energized by the night, but had a really hard time rolling out of bed with the alarm.

    他們夜晚精神特別好,早上要起床特別痛苦

  • Of course it's a bit of a chicken and egg deal, since watching reruns of The Simpsons,

    當然這有點像是雞生蛋、蛋生雞的問題,畢竟熬夜看辛普森家庭

  • and playing Call of Duty late at night continues to stimulate the brain,

    和打電動仍然會刺激大腦

  • which may further delay the release of melatonin. Still, some researchers are starting to advocate

    延遲褪黑激素的釋放

  • for pushing back high school start times in the morning,

    許多研究人員仍提倡高中延遲第一堂課的時間

  • in the hopes of having more focused students.

    想讓學生上課更能全神貫注

  • So we've got sex hormones changing the bodies, and a lack of sleep to contend with,

    即使有體內的性荷爾蒙變化、睡眠不足為理由,

  • but increasing evidences suggest that, there is something much bigger at work

    有更多的研究顯示,其實背後有更重要的因素

  • that's making teenagers so 'teenager-ry'.

    讓青少年如此「青少年」

  • Their brains!

    就是大腦!

  • It turns out that brains actually take longer than we thought, to fully mature.

    大腦發育完全成熟的速度比我們想像地還慢

  • I don't mean physical size - our brains are already about 95% full-sized by the time we're just six -

    這並非指大腦的大小,大腦早在我們六歲時就發育了95%

  • but more in the sense of the connections inside the brain.

    大腦在青春期時最重要的是發展內部的連結

  • Adults, for the most part, know how to make decisions by evaluating choices, and weighing consequences.

    大多數成人會衡量自己的選擇與後果

  • They do this with their prefrontal cortex,

    這都是大腦中前額葉皮質的功勞

  • which is responsible for controlling impulses and emotions, and forming judgments.

    前額葉皮質負責控制衝動與情緒、做出判斷

  • Its neurons chat with the neurons in other regions of the brain, responsible for - say it - memory or movement,

    這部分的神經細胞會和其他部分的神經細胞溝通

  • through synapses.

    例如透過突觸和負責記憶與動作的神經細胞溝通

  • The thing is, teenage brains don't quite work like this yet. The prefrontal cortex may not be fully developed

    但因為青少年的前額葉皮質還尚未發育完全,大腦還無法這樣運作

  • until you're mid-twenties, and teen synapses - those ''lines'' of communication - are still growing,

    人一直到20多歲,那些神經突觸,溝通用的條狀「觸手」,仍持續生長

  • and specializing.

    並各司其職

  • They're also -

    發展速度

  • slow.

    也很慢

  • As an adolescent brain keeps developing, its axons - the long ''tail-like'' parts of the neurons

    青少年的大腦在發育時,神經軸突,神經細胞長條狀的部分

  • that transmit signals to other neurons - become more and more insulated

    用來傳遞訊息的軸突會有像絕緣體一般的髓磷脂包覆

  • by a fatty layer called the 'Myelin Sheath'. This padding greatly increases the cell's transmission speed,

    層狀髓磷脂會加快細胞傳遞訊息的速度

  • and while it helps adults make faster decisions, it isn't fully formed in teens.

    幫助成人更快做出決定,但青少年這區塊還未發育完全

  • These changes occur slowly, beginning at the back of the brain, where the oldest and most fundamental

    這些改變來的慢,以後腦為起點,也就是大腦發育最早也最基本的區塊

  • brain parts reside, and slowly working its way forward to the more advanced and complicated brain bits.

    接著才會慢慢往前腦發展,前腦較後腦精密、複雜

  • The prefrontal cortex is the last to be hooked up and shaped.

    前額葉皮質最後才會發育、成形

  • So it's important to keep in mind, that just because your favorite teenager stayed up until sunrise

    一定要記得,如果你的小孩隔天要考試

  • binge-watching 'The Walking Dead' the night before an exam, it doesn't mean they're dumb or lazy,

    還看陰屍路看到天亮,這不代表他們懶惰或笨

  • their brain are just literally finishing being built.

    而是他們的大腦才剛剛結束發育

  • But at the same time, because all this brain building's just starting to peak,

    但同時也因為他們大腦的發育已到達頂點

  • this is also, when the brain starts getting thinned out.

    這也是大腦的灰質開始減少的時候

  • You actually start losing connections that you don't use enough, in a process called synaptic pruning -

    不常用來傳遞訊息的神經元會無法作用,這個過程叫作「突觸修剪」(synaptic pruning)

  • which has led to a theory that this is kind of a 'use it or lose it' phase.

    進而得出「用進廢退」這樣的理論

  • Meaning,

    意思就是

  • adolescence could be an specially important time to use your brain -

    青少年時期要好好地運用大腦

  • play an instrument;

    學樂器

  • engage in sports;

    運動

  • write poetry;

    寫詩

  • learn a language!

    學語言

  • Because by doing these things, you're helping to hardwire those synapses, and giving your brain topiary

    做這些事讓神經突觸活躍,刺激大腦

  • a lovely lasting shape. Whereas if you're sitting around all day playing Candy Crush,

    如果你只是整天坐著玩 Candy Crush

  • those will be the connections that survive,

    大腦就算有了這個技能

  • which you don't need...

    也無用武之地啊

  • This shaping of the teen brain manifests itself in other ways too, like in teenage attitudes.

    大腦的發育結果很容易看得出來,拿青少年的態度做例子

  • A group of scientist at the McLean Hospital of Massachusetts, once hooked up a group of adults

    麻州麥克林醫院的科學家曾讓成人與青少年參加研究

  • and a group of teens, to MRI devices and then asked them to identify a series of expressions

    要他們分辨照片上成人的情緒,利用斷層掃描監控大腦活動

  • on photographs of adults faces. Interestingly, while adults correctly identified one expression as fear,

    有趣的是,成人有辦法看出照片上的人感到恐懼

  • the teenagers thought the faces showed anger, surprise, or shock. They weren't registering subtleties well.

    但青少年卻以為是憤怒、驚訝或驚嚇,無法分辨這些情緒間微小的差別

  • Not only that, but the MRI images showed that adults and teens responded with different parts of their brains.

    除此之外,研究結果顯示成人與青少年是用大腦不同區塊去分辨的

  • Adults, use the reasonable prefrontal cortex, while the teens mostly use the gut reaction, emotional amigdala,

    成人用掌管理性前額葉皮質,青少年則大多靠直覺、或用掌管情緒的杏仁核分辨

  • located farther back in the brain.

    杏仁核 (amygdala) 位在大腦後方

  • Results like these might help explain why teenagers seem to experience frequent mood swings.

    這樣的結果或許可以解釋青少年的情緒多變

  • For one, they tend to react quickly from the emotional part of their brain,

    第一,因為他們掌管情緒的區塊反應迅速

  • without running those reactions by the more rational frontal cortex,

    並沒用到掌管理性的前額葉皮質

  • and two, it could be that they're just misreading expressions, and therefore the intentions behind them.

    第二,他們也有可能誤判臉部表情,導致誤判情緒

  • The frontal cortex also helps people relate to, and understand each other,

    前額葉皮質也讓人有同理心、理解彼此

  • and you can imagine what happens when concern is misjudged as anger; or worry, as disappointment.

    當「關心」被誤解成「憤怒、擔憂」或「失望」時,誤會可就大了

  • The Fresh Prince has an entire song about it.

    Fresh Prince 影集就是最佳例子了

  • But the truth is, as much as parents just don't understand, teens don't always understand either.

    事實上,父母不了解這點,青少年自己也不懂

  • When the emotional amigdala, and the more rational cortex aren't fully hooked up yet,

    當杏仁核與前額葉皮質還未能完全連接時

  • that can make it hard for teenagers to productively work through emotions.

    青少年很難去掌控自己的情緒

  • This kind of reactionary, impulsive behavior may also lead to more risk taking.

    這種靠直覺、衝動的行為也會讓他們不顧自身去犯險

  • Adolescence is the time when we're most likely to experiment with whatever booze, drugs, or toad licking is available,

    青少年時期是最有可能接觸酒或毒品的時期

  • and unfortunately, it's also the time our developing brains are most vulnerable to lasting effects

    不幸的是,這時期也是大腦發育定型的關鍵時期

  • Studies have shown that teens are more likely to become addicted to drugs and alcohol, than adults

    研究顯示青少年比成人更容易沈迷於毒品和酒精

  • partly because their brains are more attuned to their reward centers.

    因為他們的大腦看重的是「獎勵」

  • While the teenage prefrontal cortex is still developing, their 'Nucleus Accumbens',

    前額葉皮質還在發育的同時

  • or 'pleasure and reward zone', forms early on.

    伏隔核 (Nucleus Accumbens),大腦中掌管「享樂與獎賞」的區域已經開始發育

  • Neuroimaging studies have shown that when presented with a big potential reward,

    神經影像研究顯示青少年有個大獎賞的話

  • teen brains light up way more than kids or adults brains, but if the reward was small,

    他們的大腦會比小孩和成人更加活躍,但如果獎勵不高

  • teen brains hardly fired at all.

    就無法提起他們的興趣

  • So basically, give an adolescent a pat on the back, and you'll get a shrug.

    基本上,你好聲好氣地說什麼,他們也漫不在乎

  • Give them a hot date or a winning goal, and their brains light up like Vegas.

    但如果是約會或獲勝目標,他們的大腦會像賭城一樣活躍起來

  • This of course, does not always result in great judgment.

    他們在這樣情況下不一定都有好的判斷能力

  • A jacked up thrill-seeking impulse, combined with exquisite pang of peer pressure,

    可能原因是尋求快感的衝動、龐大的同儕壓力

  • plus a new driver's license, new sex parts, and access to substances can lead to some not good results.

    加上拿到新駕照、新發育的性器官、接觸那些讓他們誤入歧途的物品

  • But still, this long and some times tedious remodeling process that our bodies go through in the teenage years,

    但是,青春期這段漫長且無趣的大腦變化過程

  • isn't all that.

    不僅僅如此而已

  • Many scientists have pointed out that our delayed adolescence

    許多科學家指出青春期延遲

  • lets our brains keep their flexibility longer, which

    讓大腦的彈性保持更久

  • Yeah, may make teens a little slow, but also more adaptable, as they prepare for the adult world.

    這讓青春期延長,卻也在他們成年前增加適應能力

  • In this way, you can see teen impulsiveness as boldness; or independent thinking, and moodiness,

    這樣一來,你就能把衝動當作勇敢或獨立思考

  • as a source of new found empathy; and excitability, as passion.

    情緒多變看成另一種的同理心、興奮當作熱血

  • Which means, there's a lot of awesome energy floating around out there ready to decrease

    也就是說,這些正向態度與能量能讓他們做好準備

  • all kinds of world suck.

    去應付大人的現實世界

  • Thanks for watching this SciShow infusion, and thanks specially to all of our subscribers on Subbable,

    感謝收看 SciShow,也特別感謝所有在 Subbable 的訂閱觀眾

  • who make this channel possible!

    有你們才有這個頻道

  • You can be an honorary associate producer of SciShow, or even pick the topic of a future episode!

    你們也能協助 SciShow 製作或選擇未來的主題

  • To find out how, go to ''subbable.com/scishow''

    更多詳情請見 subbable.com/scishow

  • And you can always find us on Facebook and Twitter, and in the comments below,

    歡迎到我們的臉書、推特或在影片下方留言

  • and if you wanna keep getting smarter with us here at SciShow,

    想從 SciShow 知道更多嗎?

  • you can go to "youtube.com/scishow" and subscribe.

    歡迎訂閱 SciShow 的 Youtube 頻道:youtube.com/scishow

Being a teenager is hard. And so is living with one, I'm told.

經歷青春期不容易,我知道和青少年相處也是

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