"Give a talk on a round, red rug."

「在圓形的紅毯上演講」

"Share a childhood story."

「分享童年時期的故事」

"Divulge a personal secret."

「洩漏個人的秘密」

"End with an inspiring call to action."

「以激勵人心的行動呼籲作結」

No.

錯了

That's not how to think of a TED Talk.

不是這樣去理解一個TED演講的

In fact, if you overuse those devices,

事實上，如果你過度使用了那些技巧，

you're just going to come across as clichéd or emotionally manipulative.

你就只能表現出陳腔濫調和情緒操弄

But there is one thing that all great TED Talks have in common,

但是所有優秀的TED演講都有一個共同的特點，

and I would like to share that thing with you,

而我想要將這點與你分享，

because over the past 12 years, I've had a ringside seat,

因為過去12年來，我坐在近距離，

listening to many hundreds of amazing TED speakers, like these.

聆聽了數百位令人驚艷的TED講者，像是這些。

I've helped them prepare their talks for prime time,

我幫助他們準備他們的演講，

and learned directly from them,

並直接從他們身上學到

their secrets of what makes for a great talk.

設計一個精彩演講的秘訣

And even though these speakers and their topics all seem

即使這幾位講者與他們的演講主題看起來都

completely different,

完全不同，

they actually do have one key common ingredient.

他們確實都有一個共同的關鍵要素。

And it's this:

而這點就是：

Your number one task as a speaker

身為一名講者，你的首要任務

is to transfer into your listeners' minds an extraordinary gift—

是將一個特別的禮物轉移至聽眾的腦子裡...

a strange and beautiful object that we call an idea.

一種其妙又美麗的東西，我們稱之為「思想」

Let me show you what I mean.

讓我展示給你看我在說什麼

Here's Haley.

這是 Haley，

She is about to give a TED Talk

她將進行一個 TED 演講，

and frankly, she's terrified.

坦白說，她緊張到不行。

(Video) Presenter: Haley Van Dyck!

主持人：Haley Van Dyck!

(Applause)

(鼓掌)

Over the course of 18 minutes,

在這18分鐘裡，

1,200 people, many of whom have never seen each other before,

這1,200人，絕大多數都沒有見過彼此，

are finding that their brains are starting to sync with Haley's brain

但他們的腦袋開始和 Haley 的腦袋同步，

and with each other.

以及和彼此同步。

They're literally beginning to exhibit the same brain-wave patterns.

他們真的開始顯現出相同的腦波模式

And I don't just mean they're feeling the same emotions.

我的意思不只是他們感到了相同的情緒，

There's something even more startling happening.

還有一件更令人吃驚的事情發生。

Let's take a look inside Haley's brain for a moment.

我們來看一下 Haley 的腦袋裡面。

There are billions of interconnected neurons in an impossible tangle.

這裡有無數相互連結的神經元在一個難以想像的團塊裡

But look here, right here.

但是看這裡，就是這裡...

A few million of them are linked to each other

幾百萬個神經元相互連結在一起，

in a way which represents a single idea.

在某種程度上，這描繪出了一個思想。

And incredibly, this exact pattern is being recreated in real time

而且難以置信的是，這個模式正即時地被再製

inside the minds of everyone listening.

在所有聽眾的腦袋裡

That's right. In just a few minutes,

沒有錯，短短幾分鐘的時間，

a pattern involving millions of neurons

一個囊括幾百萬個神經元的模式

is being teleported into 1,200 minds,

正透過意念被傳送至1,200個腦袋中，

just by people listening to a voice and watching a face.

僅因為人們聆聽一個聲音和觀看一張臉

But wait—what is an idea, anyway?

但是等等...究竟什麼是「思想」？

Well, you can think of it as a pattern of information

你可以把它視為一種資訊的模式

that helps you understand and navigate the world.

它幫助你瞭解及遨遊這個世界

Ideas come in all shapes and sizes,

「思想」擁有各種型態和尺寸，

from the complex and analytical

從複雜、分析的，

to the simple and aesthetic.

到簡單、美麗的

Here are just a few examples shared from the TED stage.

這裡只是幾個來自TED的例子

Sir Ken Robinson: creativity is key to our kids' future.

Ken Robinson先生：創意是我們孩子未來的關鍵

My contention is that creativity now

我的論點是，創意現在

is as important in education as literacy,

在教育裡的重要性和讀寫能力相當，

and we should treat it with the same status.

我們應該視其兩者為相同地位

Elora Hardy: building from bamboo is beautiful.

Elora Hardy：使用竹子為建材的成果很出色

It is growing all around us,

它生長在我們週遭，

it's strong, it's elegant, it's earthquake-resistant.

它很牢固、優雅、耐震

Chimamanda Adichie: people are more than a single identity.

Chimamanda Adichie -- 人們擁有多於一種的身份

The single story creates stereotypes,

Chimamanda Adichie：單一故事創造出刻板印象，

and the problem with stereotypes is not that they are untrue,

但是刻板印象的問題不在於它們不是真的，

but that they are incomplete.

而是它們不完整

Your mind is teeming with ideas,

你的腦袋充滿了思想，

and not just randomly.

而且這不是隨機的

They're carefully linked together.

它們緊密地連結在一起

Collectively they form an amazingly complex structure

它們集體地形成一種驚人、複雜的結構，

that is your personal worldview.

而那就是你個人的世界觀

It's your brain's operating system.

是你頭腦的作業系統

It's how you navigate the world.

是你遨遊這個世界的方式

And it is built up out of millions of individual ideas.

而這是由幾百萬個單獨的思想所構成

So, for example, if one little component of your worldview

所以，舉例來說，如果你的世界觀的一個小要素

is the idea that kittens are adorable,

是「小貓很可愛」的思想，

then when you see this,

那麼當你看到這個的時候，

you'll react like this.

你會反應得像這樣

But if another component of your worldview

但如果你的世界觀的另一個要素

is the idea that leopards are dangerous,

是「美洲豹很危險」的思想，

then when you see this,

那麼當你看到這個的時候，

you'll react a little bit differently.

你會反應得有點不同

So, it's pretty obvious

所以，這很明顯地說明了

why the ideas that make up your worldview are crucial.

為什麼構成你世界觀的概念是重要的

You need them to be as reliable as possible — a guide,

你需要它們盡量可靠 —— 一個指南，

to the scary but wonderful real world out there.

應付那個可怕但精彩奇妙的世界

Now, different people's worldviews can be dramatically different.

不同人的世界觀可能有極大差異

For example,

舉例來說，

how does your worldview react when you see this image:

當你看到這個影像時，你的世界觀會如何反應：

What do you think when you look at me?

Dalia Mogahed: 當你們看著我的時候，你在想什麼？

"A woman of faith," "an expert," maybe even "a sister"?

「有信仰的女人」、「一個專家」，甚至是「一個姊妹」？

Or "oppressed," "brainwashed,"

或者是「受壓迫的」、「被洗腦的」、

"a terrorist"?

「恐怖份子」？

CA: Whatever your answer,

不管你的答案是什麼，

there are millions of people out there who would react very differently.

數以百萬計的人們會反應得非常不同。

So that's why ideas really matter.

所以這就是為什麼「思想」如此重要

If communicated properly, they're capable of changing, forever,

如果正確地溝通，它們就能夠永遠地改變

how someone thinks about the world,

一個人理解世界的方式，

and shaping their actions both now and well into the future.

以及形塑他們現在和未來的行動

Ideas are the most powerful force shaping human culture.

思想是形塑人類文化最強大的力量。

So if you accept

所以，如果你同意

that your number one task as a speaker is to build an idea

你作為一名講者的首要任務是建構一個「思想」

inside the minds of your audience,

在你觀眾的腦袋裡，

here are four guidelines for how you should go about that task:

這裡有四個方針，教你如何完成這項任務：

One, limit your talk to just one major idea.

第一，將你的演講濃縮成只有一個主要思想

Ideas are complex things;

思想是複雜的東西；

you need to slash back your content so that you can focus

你必須大量削減你的內容，這樣你才可以專注在

on the single idea you're most passionate about,

你最熱切關注的單一思想上，

and give yourself a chance to explain that one thing properly.

並讓你自己有機會好好地解釋那個東西。

You have to give context, share examples, make it vivid.

你必須講述脈絡，分享例子，讓它變得鮮明。

So pick one idea,

所以，選定一個思想，

and make it the through-line running through your entire talk,

然後讓它貫穿你的整個演講，

so that everything you say links back to it in some way.

這樣的話，你所說的每件事都會在某種程度上串聯在一起

Two, give your listeners a reason to care.

第二，給你的聽眾一個在意的理由。

Before you can start building things inside the minds of your audience,

在你開始在觀眾的腦袋裡建構東西之前，

you have to get their permission to welcome you in.

你必須使他們同意讓你進去。

And the main tool to achieve that?

而達成這個目的的主要方法是什麼咧？

Curiosity.

好奇心啊

Stir your audience's curiosity.

撩起觀眾的好奇心

Use intriguing, provocative questions

使用引人興趣、煽動式的問題，

to identify why something doesn't make sense and needs explaining.

去界定為什麼有些事情不太合理，並且需要加以解釋

If you can reveal a disconnection in someone's worldview,

如果你能揭露某個人世界觀裡的斷點

they'll feel the need to bridge that knowledge gap.

他們會覺得有需要去彌補那個知識落差

And once you've sparked that desire,

而一旦你激起了那個慾望，

it will be so much easier to start building your idea.

就會讓你更容易去開始建構你的思想

Three, build your idea, piece by piece,

第三，一步一步地建構你的思想，

out of concepts that your audience already understands.

藉由你的觀眾已經理解的概念

You use the power of language

你使用語言的力量

to weave together concepts that already exist

將已經存在於你聽眾腦子裡的概念

in your listeners' minds.

編織在一起

But not your language, their language.

但不是用你的語言，而是他們的語言。

You start where they are.

你從他們所在之處開始。

The speakers often forget that many of the terms and concepts they live with

講者通常會忘記，許多他們慣用的詞彙和概念

are completely unfamiliar to their audiences.

對他們的觀眾來說是完全陌生的

Now, metaphors can play a crucial role in showing how the pieces fit together,

隱喻扮演了一個重要角色，在展現如何將這些碎片結合在一起，

because they reveal the desired shape of the pattern,

因為它們揭示了理想的模式型態，

based on an idea that the listener already understands.

奠定在一個聽眾早就知道的思想上

For example, when Jennifer Kahn

舉例來說，當 Jennifer Kahn

wanted to explain the incredible new biotechnology called CRISPR,

想要解釋一項驚人的新型生物科技 CRISPR，

she said, "It's as if, for the first time,

她說，「這就彷彿，有史以來第一次，

you had a word processor to edit DNA.

你擁有一台編輯 DNA 的打字機。

CRISPR allows you to cut and paste genetic information really easily."

CRISPR 讓你能相當容易地剪下和貼上基因資訊。」

Now, a vivid explanation like that delivers a satisfying "aha moment"

現在，像這樣一個鮮明的解釋，傳達了一個令人滿意的頓悟時刻

as it snaps into place in our minds.

因為它卡進了我們腦內的空間

It's important, therefore, to test your talk on trusted friends,

這很重要。因此，在你信任的朋友身上測試你的演講，

and find out which parts they get confused by.

並找出哪個環節是他們感到困惑的。

Four, here's the final tip:

第四，這是最後一個技巧：

Make your idea worth sharing.

使你的思想值得分享

By that I mean, ask yourself the question:

我的意思是，問你自己這個問題：

"Who does this idea benefit?"

「這個思想會使誰受益？」

And I need you to be honest with the answer.

我需要你誠實面對這個答案

If the idea only serves you or your organization,

如果這個思想只對你或你的組織有用，

then, I'm sorry to say, it's probably not worth sharing.

那麼，我要很抱歉地說，這可能不值得分享。

The audience will see right through you.

觀眾會看穿你

But if you believe that the idea has the potential

但是如果你相信這個思想有潛力

to brighten up someone else's day

去照亮其他人的一天

or change someone else's perspective for the better

或者讓其他人的觀點變得更好

or inspire someone to do something differently,

或者激發某人去做一件不一樣的事情，

then you have the core ingredient to a truly great talk,

那麼你就擁有了一個核心要素，能構成一個真正精彩的演講，

one that can be a gift to them and to all of us.

一個對我們所有人來說，如天賜之禮的演講