why a marine biologist from Oceana

為什麼一個來自 海洋保育組織 (Oceana) 的海洋生物學家

would come here today to talk to you

今天會來到這裡跟你們談

about world hunger.

有關世界飢餓的議題？

I'm here today because

我今天在這裡是因為

saving the oceans is more than an ecological desire.

拯救海洋不只是生態上的需要，

It's more than a thing we're doing

而是比我們做的事情還要更進一步，

because we want to create jobs for fishermen

因為我們想要幫漁民創造工作，

or preserve fishermen's jobs.

或者說是保住他們的飯碗。

It's more than an economic pursuit.

拯救海洋也不只是追求經濟而已。

Saving the oceans can feed the world.

拯救海洋可以 讓全世界的人有東西吃，

Let me show you how.

我來告訴你們如何做得到。

As you know, there are already

如各位所知，

more than a billion hungry people on this planet.

這個星球上已經有超過10億人在挨餓，

We're expecting that problem to get worse

我們預期這個情況會變得更糟，

as world population grows to nine billion

當世界總人口數在21世紀中

or 10 billion by midcentury,

成長到90億人或100億人時，

and we can expect to have greater pressure

我們可以預見未來

on our food resources.

食物供應的壓力會更加沉重。

And this is a big concern,

這是很大的問題，

especially considering where we are now.

尤其是考量到我們的現況，

Now we know that our arable land per capita

我們都知道現在 每人的可耕地面積

is already on the decline

一直在減少，

in both developed and developing countries.

在已開發、開發中的國家都一樣。

We know that we're headed for climate change,

我們知道世界正面臨氣候變遷，

which is going to change rainfall patterns,

這改變了降雨的型態，

making some areas drier, as you can see in orange,

使得某些地方更乾燥， 像是橘色標示處，

and others wetter, in blue,

而其他地方卻更潮溼， 就是藍色標示處，

causing droughts in our breadbaskets,

造成我們的小麥產區發生旱災，

in places like the Midwest and Central Europe,

像是美國中西部與中歐等地區，

and floods in others.

而其他地方則出現水災。

It's going to make it harder for the land

這會使得土地越來越無法

to help us solve the hunger problem.

幫我們解決飢餓問題，

And that's why the oceans need to be their most abundant,

那就是海洋需要 維持多產豐富的原因，

so that the oceans can provide us

如此一來海洋就能

as much food as possible.

提供我們大量的食物。

And that's something the oceans have been doing

那就是海洋長久以來一直

for us for a long time.

在幫我們做的事情。

As far back as we can go, we've seen an increase

我們越往回追溯，就可以發現

in the amount of food we've been able to harvest

從海洋裡捕獲的食物數量增加，

from our oceans.

捕獲量看起來持續增加，

It just seemed like it was continuing to increase,

直到1980年左右，

until about 1980,

我們才開始看到捕獲量減少。

when we started to see a decline.

你們都聽過石油高峰，

You've heard of peak oil.

也許這個就是漁獲高峰，

Maybe this is peak fish.

但我希望不是， 我等一下會回來說明這點。

I hope not. I'm going to come back to that.

你可以看到從1980年以後，

But you can see about an 18-percent decline

全世界的漁獲量

in the amount of fish we've gotten in our world catch

大概下降了18%，

since 1980.

這是很嚴重的問題， 而且漁獲不停在減少，

And this is a big problem. It's continuing.

這條紅線持續往下降。

This red line is continuing to go down.

不過我們知道該如何讓它回升，

But we know how to turn it around,

那就是今天我要跟大家談的東西，

and that's what I'm going to talk about today.

我們知道如何讓這條線回升，

We know how to turn that curve back upwards.

不一定得要達到漁獲高峰。

This doesn't have to be peak fish.

如果我們在特定的地方 做到簡單的幾件事，

If we do a few simple things in targeted places,

就可以恢復漁場，

we can bring our fisheries back and use them

並且養活大家。

to feed people.

首先我們要知道哪裡有魚群棲息，

First we want to know where the fish are,

我們來看看魚群的棲息地。

so let's look where the fish are.

很輕易地就能發現魚群

It turns out the fish, conveniently,

大部分棲息在

are located for the most part

臨海諸國的海岸區，

in our coastal areas of the countries,

在海岸帶，

in coastal zones,

而這些區域是國家的管轄範圍，

and these are areas that national jurisdictions

這些國家可以管制

have control over,

這些海岸區的漁場。

and they can manage their fisheries

這些臨海諸國往往擁有

in these coastal areas.

200海里水域的管轄權，

Coastal countries tend to have jurisdictions

這些區域又叫做專屬經濟區，

that go out about 200 nautical miles,

可以管制這些水域的漁場是件好事。

in areas that are called exclusive economic zones,

因為在公海上，

and this is a good thing that they can control

就是在地圖上這些暗色區塊，

their fisheries in these areas,

管控公海會有一堆麻煩事，

because the high seas,

因為那必須透過各國同意。

which are the darker areas on this map,

你得要達成國際協議，

the high seas, it's a lot harder to control things,

如果在座有人追蹤氣候變遷協議，

because it has to be done internationally.

就會知道國際協議過程非常慢，

You get into international agreements,

而且惱人、乏味。

and if any of you are tracking the climate change agreement,

因此能在一國之內管理事物

you know this can be a very slow,

是件很棒的事情。

frustrating, tedious process.

相較於公海裡，

And so controlling things nationally

到底有多少魚棲息在海岸區呢？

is a great thing to be able to do.

你可以看到這裡，

How many fish are actually in these coastal areas

海岸區的魚群比公海裡的還多七倍，

compared to the high seas?

所以這是我們可以著重的絕佳地點，

Well, you can see here about

因為我們真的能完成許多事。

seven times as many fish in the coastal areas

要是我們著重在這些海岸區，

than there are in the high seas,

就能回復許多漁場的場量。

so this is a perfect place for us to be focusing,

但是我們得在多少國家裡工作呢？

because we can actually get a lot done.

估計大概有80個濱海國家吧！

We can restore a lot of our fisheries

我們得整頓每一個國家的漁業管理嗎？

if we focus in these coastal areas.

因此我們自問：需要著重幾個國家呢？

But how many of these countries do we have to work in?

要記得，歐盟

There's something like 80 coastal countries.

只透過一個共同的漁場政策，

Do we have to fix fisheries management

就輕鬆地管理好它的漁場。

in all of those countries?

假使我們有很好的漁場管理政策，

So we asked ourselves, how many countries

在歐盟、還有假設 其他九個國家都實施，

do we need to focus on,

我們會涵蓋世界多大面積的漁場呢？

keeping in mind that the European Union

歐盟加上九個國家的結果是

conveniently manages its fisheries

涵蓋世界上三分之二的漁獲。

through a common fisheries policy?

假若我們提高到有24個臨海國家 再加上整個歐盟的話，

So if we got good fisheries management

我們的漁獲量就能達到90％，

in the European Union and, say, nine other countries,

幾乎就是全世界的漁獲量了。

how much of our fisheries would we be covering?

因此我們覺得只要在 少數的幾個國家做好事情，

Turns out, European Union plus nine countries

就能讓全球的漁場產量恢復。

covers about two thirds of the world's fish catch.

但是我們必須在這些地方 做些甚麼事呢？

If we took it up to 24 countries plus the European Union,

依據我們在美國和其他地方的經驗得知，

we would up to 90 percent,

我們必須做好三件重要事情，

almost all of the world's fish catch.

才能把漁場恢復回來，

So we think we can work in a limited number of places

那就是我們必須訂出 可捕捉漁獲量的配額或限額、

to make the fisheries come back.

還有我們必須減少混獲量，

But what do we have to do in these places?

這些不是我們預期 要捕捉、殺死的漁獲，

Well, based on our work in the United States

這是非常浪費的事情。

and elsewhere, we know that there are

第三 ，我們必須保護棲息地，

three key things we have to do

像是孵育場、產卵區，

to bring fisheries back, and they are:

這些魚需要能順利地成長與繁殖

We need to set quotas or limits

才能恢復數量。

on how much we take;

如果我們做到這三件事情， 漁場就會回復生機。

we need to reduce bycatch, which is the accidental

我們怎麼知道呢？

catching and killing of fish that we're not targeting,

因為我們已經在很多地方

and it's very wasteful;

看到這事情不斷發生。

and three, we need to protect habitats,

這張投影片

the nursery areas, the spawning areas

顯示挪威的鯡魚數量

that these fish need to grow and reproduce successfully

從1950年以來持續大量減少，

so that they can rebuild their populations.

數量不斷驟減， 等到挪威設定漁場限額或配額，

If we do those three things, we know the fisheries will come back.

你猜怎麼著？

How do we know?

漁場的產量恢復了。

We know because we've seen it happening

還有另一個案例也是發生在挪威，

in a lot of different places.

有關於挪威的北極鱈魚，

This is a slide that shows

同樣的狀況， 漁場的漁獲持續大量減少，

the herring population in Norway

因此他們設定扔棄漁獲的限額。

that was crashing since the 1950s.

業者會扔棄不是他們要的魚種，

It was coming down, and when Norway set limits,

浪費地將那些魚扔棄在甲板上。

or quotas, on its fishery, what happens?

當挪威設定了扔棄的限額，

The fishery comes back.

漁場的生機回復了。

This is another example, also happens to be from Norway,

這不只有在挪威，

of the Norwegian Arctic cod.

我們已經看到這種事情 不停地發生在

Same deal. The fishery is crashing.

全世界各個國家中。

They set limits on discards.

當這些國家加入我們，

Discards are these fish they weren't targeting

並提出永續漁場管理政策，

and they get thrown overboard wastefully.

產量一直大量下降的漁場看起來

When they set the discard limit,

開始回復生機了，

the fishery came back.

因此有很多成功的機會。

And it's not just in Norway.

這對世界上的漁業來說代表什麼？

We've seen this happening in countries

這代表假使我們管理那些

all around the world, time and time again.

漁獲量下降的漁場，

When these countries step in and they

我們可以扭轉情況，

put in sustainable fisheries management policies,

讓每年漁獲量增加高達一億噸。

the fisheries, which are always crashing, it seems,

所以說我們還不曾有過漁獲高峰，

are starting to come back.

我們仍有機會，

So there's a lot of promise here.

不只是把魚群帶回來，

What does this mean for the world fish catch?

並且確實能得到更多的漁獲，

This means that if we take that fishery catch

餵養更多人口，

that's on the decline

比目前供給的人數還多。

and we could turn it upwards, we could increase it

能多餵飽多少人呢？ 以現在來說，

up to 100 million metric tons per year.

我們有能力供養大概四億五千萬人

So we didn't have peak fish yet.

一天一餐魚肉，

We still have an opportunity

依據當下世界的捕魚量而言，

to not only bring the fish back

當然你也知道捕魚量一直減少，

but to actually get more fish

所以如果不改善， 餵養的人口數會越來越少。

that can feed more people

但是如果我們採取漁場管理措施，

than we currently are now.

像我剛才提到

How many more? Right about now,

在10到25個國家中來做，

we can feed about 450 million people

我們就有機會增加捕獲量，

a fish meal a day

並且讓七億人一整年

based on the current world fish catch,

都有一餐健康的魚肉。

which, of course, you know is going down,

顯然我們應該這麼做，

so that number will go down over time

因為這是可以解決飢餓問題的好事，

if we don't fix it,

而且也符合成本效益。

but if we put fishery management practices

因為魚肉是地球上

like the ones I've described in place

最符合成本效益的蛋白質。

in 10 to 25 countries,

假如你衡量花在魚肉上 每一塊錢所得到的蛋白質，

we could bring that number up

相較於所有地球上 其他的動物來說，

and feed as many as 700 million people a year

顯然，魚肉是最精明的決定。

a healthy fish meal.

養魚也不需要很多土地，

We should obviously do this just because

土地現在已經不夠用了，

it's a good thing to deal with the hunger problem,

這是相較於其他蛋白質來源的好處。

but it's also cost-effective.

養魚也不需要用到很多淡水，

It turns out fish is the most cost-effective protein

養魚需要的淡水較少，

on the planet.

相較之下養牛，

If you look at how much fish protein you get

你必須灌溉土地

per dollar invested

才有草料用來養牛。

compared to all of the other animal proteins,

養魚產生的碳足跡也很少，

obviously, fish is a good business decision.

只會有一點點碳足跡，

It also doesn't need a lot of land,

因為我們必須出門去捕魚，

something that's in short supply,

那要用到一點燃料；

compared to other protein sources.

如你所知，農業也有碳足跡，

And it doesn't need a lot of fresh water.

而漁業產生的碳足跡少很多，

It uses a lot less fresh water than,

所以比較不會有汙染。

for example, cattle,

在我們的飲食裡， 魚肉占了很大一部分，

where you have to irrigate a field

不過還能更多，

so that you can grow the food to graze the cattle.

這是件好事，因為我們知道魚肉有益健康，

It also has a very low carbon footprint.

可以降低我們癌症、

It has a little bit of a carbon footprint

心臟病和肥胖的風險。

because we do have to get out and catch the fish.

事實上我們團體的執行長 安迪‧夏普勒斯 (Andy Sharpless)

It takes a little bit of fuel,

是這個概念的發起人，

but as you know, agriculture can have a carbon footprint,

他很愛說魚肉是最完美的蛋白質。

and fish has a much smaller one,

安迪還說

so it's less polluting.

海洋保育運動其實是

It's already a big part of our diet,

從土地保育運動發展而來，

but it can be a bigger part of our diet,

在土地保育中，

which is a good thing, because we know

我們有生物多樣性 與食物生產之間的兩難，

that it's healthy for us.

假使你想要取得土地的話，

It can reduce our risks of cancer,

你就必須砍掉 生態豐富多樣的森林，

heart disease and obesity.

把土地拿來種玉米餵養人口，

In fact, our CEO Andy Sharpless,

因此這兩者不斷在拉扯。

who is the originator of this concept, actually,

一直以來，我們都必須在 兩件重要的事情上做出困難的抉擇，

he likes to say fish is the perfect protein.

那就是維持生態多樣性 或者是餵飽人口。

Andy also talks about the fact that

不過在海洋裡， 我們沒有這樣的衝突，

our ocean conservation movement really grew

在海洋裡，生態多樣性 與豐富多產並非勢不兩立。

out of the land conservation movement,

事實上這兩者相輔相成。

and in land conservation,

當我們做的事增加了生物多樣性，

we have this problem where biodiversity

同時也會得到更多的漁獲，

is at war with food production.

重要的是這樣一來 我們就可以餵飽大家。

You have to cut down the biodiverse forest

這裡有個「潛」在的問題。

if you want to get the field

沒人發現這雙關嗎？（笑聲）

to grow the corn to feed people with,

非法捕撈。

and so there's a constant push-pull there.

非法捕撈會逐漸危害

There's a constant tough decision

我正在談的永續漁場管理，

that has to be made between

可能是當你捕魚時用了禁用的設備，

two very important things:

或是當你在不對的地方捕魚，

maintaining biodiversity and feeding people.

就會捕到尺寸或種類錯誤的漁獲。

But in the oceans, we don't have that war.

非法捕撈欺瞞了消費者

In the oceans, biodiversity is not at war

以及誠實的漁民，

with abundance.

因此應該禁止非法捕撈。

In fact, they're aligned.

非法捕撈流入我們市場的作法 就是透過海產詐欺。

When we do things that produce biodiversity,

你也許已經聽說過了，

we actually get more abundance,

就是將魚肉標示為其他的魚種。

and that's important so that we can feed people.

回想上一次你吃的魚肉，是什麼魚呢？

Now, there's a catch.

你確定那就是魚的原貌嗎？

Didn't anyone get that? (Laughter)

因為我們測試了1,300個 不一樣的魚肉樣本，

Illegal fishing.

大概有三分之一

Illegal fishing undermines the type of

並不是標籤上標示的魚種。

sustainable fisheries management I'm talking about.

以真鯛來說， 十個裡面有九個並不是真鯛；

It can be when you catch fish using gears

我們測試的鮪魚之中， 有59%標示不實。

that have been prohibited,

我們測試了120個紅鯛，

when you fish in places where you're not supposed to fish,

之中只有七個是真的紅鯛，

you catch fish that are the wrong size or the wrong species.

所以祝你幸運找到貨真價實的紅鯛！

Illegal fishing cheats the consumer

海鮮的供應鏈非常複雜，

and it also cheats honest fishermen,

在這個供應鏈的每一個環節

and it needs to stop.

都有機會發生海產詐欺，

The way illegal fish get into our market is through seafood fraud.

除非我們有追蹤機制。

You might have heard about this.

追蹤機制能讓海鮮產業

It's when fish are labeled as something they're not.

追查海鮮從擺上餐盤到進入漁船的記錄，

Think about the last time you had fish.

確保消費者之後可以找出

What were you eating?

他們的海鮮來自何方。

Are you sure that's what it was?

這是很重要的事情，