Name: 比較腫瘤學 | 60 分鐘經典回顧 (Comparative Oncology | 60 Minutes Archive)
Uploaded: 2026-03-22T23:06:40.000Z
Duration: 13 min 58 s
Description: 【看影片學英語】數萬部 YouTube 影片，搭配英漢字典即點即查，輕鬆掌握單字發音與用法，長久累積看電影不必再看字幕。

If you've ever lost a dog to disease, it may well have been cancer.

如果你曾經因為疾病而失去狗狗，那很可能就是癌症。

Some 4 million dogs in the US are diagnosed with it every year, often the same kinds of cancers humans get.

每年美國大約有四百萬隻狗被診斷出罹患癌症，通常是人類也會得到的癌症。

We share many of the same genes with our canine companions, and

我們和毛小孩共享許多相同的基因，

for cancer research, that's an opportunity scientists are trying to make the most of.

而對於癌症研究來說，這是一個科學家正努力把握的機會。

Now funded in part by the White House's Cancer Moonshot initiative.

現在部分由白宮的癌症登月計畫資助。

Doctors and scientists are studying naturally developing cancers, mostly in dogs, and

醫生和科學家們正在研究自然發生的癌症，大多是狗狗身上的，

using what they learn to speed potential treatments.

並利用他們學到的知識來加速潛在的治療。

To them and us, a dog show might seem like an odd place to conduct cancer research.

對牠們和我們來說，狗狗比賽或許看起來是個進行癌症研究的奇特場合。

But this summer in Norwalk, Connecticut, that's where we met scientists from the National Institutes of Health swabbing and collecting DNA samples from all sorts of breeds.

但今年夏天在康乃狄克州的諾瓦克，我們就遇到了國家衛生研究院的科學家們，他們正為各種品種的狗狗進行採樣和收集 DNA 樣本。

They've been doing this for nearly 30 years and have collected about 40,000 samples so far.

他們已經這樣做了將近 30 年，到目前為止已經收集了約 40,000 個樣本。

我們每隔幾週就會出現在一個狗狗比賽。

Leading the team is Elaine Ostrander, a senior geneticist at the nih.

帶領這個團隊的是 Elaine Ostrander，她是國家衛生研究院的資深遺傳學家。

I always thought the National Institutes of Health study human diseases.

我一直以為國家衛生研究院是研究人類疾病的。

Why is there a scientist at the NIH studying dogs?

為什麼國家衛生研究院會有科學家在研究狗狗？

We are studying human disease, and we're doing it through.

我們確實是在研究人類疾病，而且我們是透過狗狗來研究的。

所以狗狗就生活在我們的世界裡。

牠們也會得到跟我們一樣的所有疾病。

They eat our food, they're exposed to the same environmental pollutants, but

牠們吃我們的食物，接觸到相同的環境汙染物，但

they also have all the same genes that we do.

牠們也擁有跟我們一樣的所有基因。

And they have mutations in those genes that make them susceptible to everything you and I get, whether it's diabetes or cancer or neuromuscular diseases, everything humans get, dogs get.

而且牠們的基因裡有突變，讓牠們容易罹患你和我會得到的各種疾病，像是糖尿病、癌症或神經肌肉疾病，人類會得的，狗狗也會得。

Ostrander says it's easier to study genes in dogs than humans because for the last 200 years, they've been bred to emphasize specific traits.

Ostrander 表示，研究狗狗的基因比研究人類的基因更容易，因為在過去 200 年來，牠們一直被培育來強調特定的特徵。

That's why they have all these distinct noses and tails and sizes from Great Danes to Chihuahuas.

這就是為什麼牠們會有這麼多獨特的鼻子、尾巴和各種體型，從大丹犬到吉娃娃。

So before Victorian times, dogs were pretty much the same.

所以，在維多利亞時代之前，狗狗基本上都差不多。

所以當時就已經有一些差異了。

We know that from fossil and archaeologic records.

我們從化石和考古記錄中得知這一點。

But almost all the variation you see running around in the rings today, that's all happened in the last 200 years.

不過，你們現在在賽場上看到的大部分差異，都是在過去 200 年內發生的。

It's really incredible that there's so much variety in that shortage.

令人難以置信的是，在這麼短的時間內，竟然有這麼大的多樣性。

So that means it's probably going to be a really small number of genes responsible for most of the major differences.

這表示，可能只有少數幾個基因，就決定了大部分主要的差異。

It turns out just one gene determines if a dog has cream colored hair or black.

結果發現，只要一個基因就能決定狗狗的毛髮是奶油色還是黑色。

Other genes determine long hair or short.

其他基因則決定了牠們是長毛還是短毛。

And Ostrander's team at the NIH has discovered some physical traits in dogs like ear position hold surprising clues about human Health.

國家衛生研究院 Ostrander 的團隊發現，狗狗的一些生理特徵，像是耳朵的位置，竟然能為人類的健康提供驚人的線索。

This was a study looking at prick ears versus floppy ears, and

這項研究是關於豎耳和垂耳的比較，

that's due to a mutation in one gene called MSRB3.

這歸因於一個叫做 MSRB3 的基因突變。

所以，僅僅是一個基因的突變。

Makes the difference between pointy ears and floppy ears.

But what's really interesting about this story is that when this gene is perturbed or more dramatically mutated in humans, we get a form of deafness.

但這個故事最有趣的地方是，當這個基因在人類身上受到幹擾或發生更嚴重的突變時，就會導致聽力障礙。

Ostrander told us some of the most promising genetic research in dogs involves cancer.

Ostrander 告訴我們，狗狗身上最有潛力的基因研究之一，就跟癌症有關。

Some breeds get certain types of cancers more often, making it easier for researchers to locate some of the genes responsible.

有些品種的狗狗更容易得到特定類型的癌症，這讓研究人員更容易找到一些相關的基因。

Scottish terriers, for instance, are about 20 times more likely to get bladder cancer than.

舉例來說，蘇格蘭㹴得到膀胱癌的機率，比其他狗狗高出大約 20 倍。

Now, if I were to look at a group of humans with bladder cancer, the story would be so much more complex.

現在，如果我要看一群罹患膀胱癌的人類，情況就會複雜得多。

There would be different genes in different populations.

There'd be different mutations, different contributions of environmental effects.

會有不同的突變，不同的環境影響。

So when I look in one breed, I get much simpler stories.

所以當我觀察單一犬種時，故事就簡單多了。

Dogs are diagnosed with many of the same cancers found in humans.

狗狗罹患的癌症，很多都和人類相同。

Lymphoma, melanoma, brain and breast cancer, and the deadly bone cancer, osteosarcoma.

像是淋巴瘤、黑色素瘤、腦癌、乳癌，還有致命的骨癌——骨肉瘤。

University of Pennsylvania professor and veterinarian Nicola Mason oversees a national network of comparative oncology trials funded by the White House's Cancer Moonshot Initiative.

賓州大學教授兼獸醫 Nicola Mason，負責一個由白宮的癌症登月計畫資助的全國性比較腫瘤學試驗網絡。

She showed us just how similar osteosarcoma looks in dogs and people.

她向我們展示了狗狗和人類的骨肉瘤有多麼相似。

So what you can see, there's lots of purple dots here.

所以你們可以看到，這裡有很多紫色的點。

These are the nuclei of the cancerous cells.

Even a professional looking under a microscope would not be able to tell the difference between a dog with osteosarcoma and a human.

即使是專業的病理學家在顯微鏡下觀察，也無法分辨出罹患骨肉瘤的狗狗和人類之間的差異。

Incredibly similar osteosarcoma is aggressive and malignant.

骨肉瘤非常相似，而且具侵襲性和惡性。

More than 10,000 dogs in the United States are estimated to get it each year.

據估計，美國每年有超過 10,000 隻狗狗罹患此症。

But only about 1,000 people are mostly children and young adults.

但只有大約 1,000 人，且大多是兒童和年輕成人。

Kristi Gomes was diagnosed in 2020 when she was 11, which was the leg that was hurting left.

Kristi Gomes 在 2020 年確診時是 11 歲，當時是左腿在疼痛。

Christy was used to getting bruised on the soccer field, so she and her mom, Kathy Feder, chalked it up to a sports injury.

Christy 習慣了在足球場上瘀青，所以她和她媽媽 Kathy Feder 都認為只是運動傷害。

But after months of physical therapy, her doctor discovered osteosarcoma.

但經過幾個月的物理治療後，她的醫生發現了骨肉瘤。

That white mass had eroded most of Christy's thigh bone.

那個白色腫瘤侵蝕了 Christy 大部分的大腿骨。

She comes in and she goes, christy has a cancerous tumor in her femur.

她進來跟我說，Christy 的股骨有癌症腫瘤。

I'm not like a crier, so I like I think I was processing it, and

但我不是那種會哭的人，所以我覺得我當時在消化這個消息，

當我在消化這個消息的時候，我看到她哭了。

So then I started crying, and then she was like, wait, I have cancer.

所以我就開始哭了，然後她就說，等等，我有癌症。

Doctors removed the remaining bone and replaced it with this 9 inch metal rod.

醫生移除了剩下的骨頭，並用這根九吋的金屬桿取代。

Months of grueling chemotherapy withered Christy to 72 pounds.

幾個月艱苦的化療讓 Christy 瘦到 72 磅。

But her pediatric oncologist, Dr. Alyssa Rubin, told us the cancer came back, this time in Christy's lungs.

但她的兒童腫瘤科醫生 Alyssa Rubin 醫生告訴我們，癌症又回來了，這次在 Christy 的肺部。

Patients, once their tumor comes back, are at really high risk.

一旦腫瘤復發，病患的風險就非常高。

Probably 80% of the time will get new tumors.

大約有 80% 的機率會出現新的腫瘤。

Have there been a lot of new treatments for osteosarcoma?

有沒有很多針對骨肉瘤的新療法？

We've been using the same chemotherapy for about the last 60 years or so.

我們大概用了 60 年左右，都是一樣的化療藥物。

Is that because it's a rare form of cancer?

是因為它是比較少見的癌症嗎？

Yeah, it's harder to study because there's smaller numbers of patients to study in large trials.

對啊，因為研究的病患人數比較少，很難做大型臨床試驗，所以研究起來比較困難。

And also since it's rare, not a lot of funding goes to a lot of trials for it.

而且因為它很罕見，所以投入在臨床試驗的資金也不多。

But there were trials in pet dogs of an experimental immunotherapy treatment for osteosarcoma that began in 2012, led by Dr.

不過，針對骨肉瘤的實驗性免疫療法臨床試驗，在 2012 年就開始了，由 Nicola Mason 醫師帶領，對象是寵物狗。

這個李斯特菌就是會造成食物中毒的那種。