Name: 哈薩克是怎麼做到「空蕩蕩」的？看完驚呆！😲 (Why Kazakhstan is Insanely Empty)
Uploaded: 2026-03-16T17:14:53.000Z
Duration: 47 min 11 s

情態副詞

Geographically speaking, it might surprise you to hear that Kazakhstan is the ninth largest country in the world.

從地理上來說，聽到哈薩克是世界第九大國，你可能會感到驚訝。

分詞構句

It's a huge place that's roughly the same size as the whole of Western Europe, stretching from Portugal to Poland.

這個國家非常廣闊，差不多跟整個西歐一樣大，從葡萄牙一路延伸到波蘭。

基礎被動語態

And if it were placed over the continental United States, Kazakhstan's landmass would sprawl from San Diego in the southwest to St.

如果把它放在美國大陸上，哈薩克的國土會從西南的聖地牙哥蔓延到東邊的聖

But despite this impressive geographic size, Kazakhstan is also one of the emptiest locations on the entire planet as well.

但儘管地理面積如此驚人，哈薩克卻也是地球上人口最稀少的地區之一。

Whereas Western Europe is home to more than 400 million people today, Kazakhstan just recently hit the population milestone of only 20 million people this year in 2024, which, for reference, is fewer people than live in the US State of Florida, spread out across an area that is about exactly 16 times larger than Florida is.

西歐現在有超過四億人口，而哈薩克在今年 2024 年才剛突破兩千萬人口的里程碑，說起來，這比美國佛羅裡達州的人口還少，卻是佛羅裡達州大約 16 倍的面積。

This overall gives Kazakhstan one of the absolute lowest population densities of any location on the planet today, at just over 7 people per square kilometer.

總體來說，這讓哈薩克成為地球上人口密度最低的國家之一，每平方公里只有七個人多一點。

On average the 11th lowest density of people of all the countries in the world.

平均來說，是全球人口密度排名第 11 名的國家。

And notably the second most sparsely populated country that's located anywhere within Eurasia, remaining only behind the emptiest country in the world of Mongolia.

而且特別的是，它是歐亞大陸上人口第二稀少的國家，僅次於世界上最空曠的國家蒙古。

But what's even stranger at first glance about Kazakhstan's demographic pattern is that it appears to be a sort of population void in the center of the Eurasian continent.

但哈薩克人口分佈模式更奇怪的是，它似乎是歐亞大陸中心的一個「人口真空區」。

Literally every piece of land that surrounds Kazakhstan on all of its sides has a much denser population than Kazakhstan itself has.

literally every piece of land that surrounds Kazakhstan on all of its sides has a much denser population than Kazakhstan itself has.

Where whether it's Russia to the north and the west, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan to the south, or China's Xinjiang Province to the east, Kazakhstan is surrounded by other lands that are much more densely populated than it in a pattern that resembles more well known inhospitable climates like the Tibetan Plateau, the Sahara Desert, or the Amazon rainforest.

Where whether it's Russia to the north and the west, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan to the south, or China's Xinjiang Province to the east, Kazakhstan is surrounded by other lands that are much more densely populated than it in a pattern that resembles more we

Despite its huge geographic size, Kazakhstan doesn't even have the largest population in Central Asia, with Uzbekistan having nearly twice the number of people.

Despite having only one sixth of the available land that is similarly landlocked and largely dominated by the same climate types as Kazakhstan.

Of course, a great deal of Kazakhstan's relative emptiness can easily be explained by much of the country's intensely harsh climate and hostile environment.

Kazakhstan is the biggest landlocked country in the world that is thousands of kilometers away from any ocean.

And so with only limited large bodies of water nearby, like the Caspian Sea to regulate the area's climate.

Kazakhstan's climate is one of the most varied and wild in the world, with bitterly cold winters and hot summers.

Practically the entire country's landmass is dominated by either a cold desert climate across the center or a dry, semi arid climate across the north and the east of the country that resembles conditions seen in southern Ukraine or the American Great Plains region running from west Texas to North Dakota, with only scattered pockets of more easily livable climates.

Practically the entire country's landmass is dominated by either a cold desert climate across the center or a dry, semi arid climate across the north and the east of the country that resembles conditions seen in southern Ukraine or the American Great Plai

But nonetheless, due to its sheer size, Kazakhstan still has a large amount of arable land and renewable freshwater resources that would normally be conducive to a much larger population than just 20 million people.

Nearly 11% of Kazakhstan's huge land area is considered arable and suitable for agriculture, largely across the Belda Prairie in the north of the country that encompasses Kazakhstan's portion of the Great Eurasian steppe.

哈薩克廣大土地面積中，將近11%被認為是可耕地，適合農業發展，主要分佈在北部的Belda草原，涵蓋了哈薩克在大歐亞草原上的部分。

Kazakhstan has about 296,697 square kilometers worth of arable land in total, which is not only larger than the entire land area of the United Kingdom, but

哈薩克總共有約296,697平方公里的可耕地，這不僅比整個英國的國土面積還大，

is the 11th highest amount of arable land of any country in the entire world.

而且是全世界所有國家中，可耕地面積排名第11高的。

To put this into perspective, Kazakhstan has more agricultural land available than tons of other countries around the world that have much larger populations than it, like Indonesia, Turkey, Pakistan, or France, and

這樣說好了，哈薩克擁有的農業用地比世界上許多人口遠比它多的國家還要多，像是印尼、土耳其、巴基斯坦或法國，

In fact, Kazakhstan is such a major outlier here that it is by far the country with the highest density of arable land per person in the entire world, with an average of 15,456 square meters of arable land available per person in the country.

事實上，哈薩克在這裡是個非常突出的例子，它是全世界每人平均可耕地密度最高的國家，平均每人擁有15,456平方公尺的可耕地。

The closest competitors to Kazakhstan's arable land density are Australia, Canada, and

緊追在哈薩克可耕地密度之後的國家是澳洲、加拿大，

Argentina, which also notably all have significantly higher populations than Kazakhstan has.

還有阿根廷，這些國家也都有比哈薩克多得多的總人口。

In terms of other countries that have well known, sparse populations, like Mongolia, Namibia, or Libya, Kazakhstan has vastly more available arable land than any of them do, while Kazakhstan also has vastly more available renewable water resources as well.

就其他以人口稀少聞名的國家來說，像是蒙古、納米比亞或利比亞，哈薩克擁有的可耕地比牠們任何一個都多得多，同時哈薩克擁有的可再生水資源也比牠們多得多。

Kazakhstan has about 108 billion cubic meters worth of total renewable water resources per year, which again outclasses many other countries that have much larger populations than Kazakhstan has, like Tanzania, Iraq, Ivory Coast, South Korea, or Afghanistan.

哈薩克每年總共有約1080億立方公尺的可再生水資源，這再次超越了許多人口遠比哈薩克多的國家，像是坦尚尼亞、伊拉克、象牙海岸、韓國或阿富汗。

Kazakhstan has one very significant river, the Syr Darya, that's fed from glacial snowmelt from the Hai Tien Shan mountain range to the east in Kyrgyzstan, they used to empty into the huge Aral Sea, while the country also fully encompasses Lake Balkash, the 15th largest lake by surface area in the world.

哈薩克有一條非常重要的河流，叫做 Syr Darya，它來自吉爾吉斯東邊的天山山脈的冰雪融水，過去注入巨大的鹹海，而哈薩克也完全涵蓋了巴爾喀什湖，這是世界第15大湖泊。

And there are tons of smaller, more minor rivers dotted across the country as well, as Kazakhstan's population density today largely follows where the fresh water is located, like along the banks of the Syr Darya River.

還有很多大小不一的河流散佈在全國各地，因為哈薩克現在的人口密度很大程度上是跟著水源走的，像是沿著 Syr Darya 河的兩岸。

But still, Kazakhstan has enough arable land and enough fresh water, despite its largely arid and cold climate, that you would expect it would have a population greater than just the 20 million people that it currently has today.

不過，儘管哈薩克大部分地區氣候乾旱寒冷，但它擁有足夠的可耕地和足夠的淡水，你可能會預期它的人口會比現在的2000萬人多。

And indeed it probably would be a lot more densely populated of a place today were it not also for the fact that Kazakhstan has had its natural geography more negatively altered by mankind than perhaps any other physical location on the surface of the earth.

事實上，如果不是因為哈薩克遭受人類對其自然地理的負面改變比地球上任何其他地方都嚴重，它現在的人口密度可能會高得多。

Because a very great deal of what makes Kazakhstan so sparsely populated today in the center of Eurasia, despite its huge amounts of arable land and freshwater, is the simple fact that the 20th century was an unmitigated continuous catastrophe for the country in just about every way imaginable.

因為哈薩克今天人口稀少，位於歐亞大陸中心，儘管擁有大量的可耕地和淡水，很大一部分原因就是20世紀對這個國家來說，幾乎在所有能想像到的方面都是一場持續不斷的災難。

And the Kazakhstan of today, in 2024, is still trying and struggling to play demographic and geographic catch up with the consequences of a century long handicap that most other countries in the world today simply don't have to deal with.

而今天的哈薩克，在2024年，仍然在努力追趕大多數其他國家今天不必面對的、長達一個世紀的歷史遺留問題所造成的が人口和地理上的影響。

The idea of Kazakhstan was born in the later 15th century, in 1465, with the first emergence of the Kazakh Khanate, a nomadic steppe empire that for centuries sprawled across the Central Eurasian steppe from the Caspian Sea in the west to the Tien Shan Mountains in the east.

哈薩克的構想誕生於15世紀後期，也就是1465年，隨著哈薩克汗國的首次出現，這是一個遊牧的草原帝國，幾個世紀以來，它從西邊的裡海一直延伸到東邊的天山山脈，橫跨中亞草原。

As the Tsardom of Russia coalesced around its core in Muscovy, around the same time, it began expanding in search of more geographically defensible terrain in every direction.

同樣的時間，俄羅斯沙皇國在其莫斯科核心地區逐漸成形，並開始向四面八方擴張，尋找更具地理防禦性的地形。

And that Russian quest for more geographically defensible borders eventually brought them to the frontier of the Kazakh steppe.

而俄羅斯對更具地理防禦性邊界的追求，最終將他們帶到了哈薩克草原的邊緣。

By the 1600s, the old frontier between the settled Russian society and the nomadic Kazakh society roughly followed the geographic boundary in Eurasia between the forest of the north and the treeless steppe of the south.

到了17世紀，俄羅斯定居社會和哈薩克遊牧社會之間的老邊界，大致沿著歐亞大陸北部森林和南部無樹草原的地理分界線。

And to prevent nomadic raids from the steppe overflowing into Russia that had been commonplace for centuries, and

為了阻止數百年來草原遊牧民族的襲擊湧入俄羅斯，以及

to protect their own overland trade route going into China, the Russians began constructing a series of forts along this geographic frontier between the Caspian Sea and the Tianshan mountains.

為了保護他們通往中國的陸路貿易路線，俄羅斯人開始在裡海和天山山脈之間的這條地理邊界上建造一系列堡壘。

Across the 17th and 18th centuries that represented the beginning of the Russian settlement of modern day Kazakhstan.

這標誌著17世紀和18世紀俄羅斯人開始定居現代哈薩克的開端。

Many of these 17th and 18th century forts developed into major modern cities of the 21st century today, and

許多17、18世紀的堡壘發展成了今天21世紀的主要現代城市，

many of them built and initially settled by the Russians are today found across the border in Kazakhstan rather than Russia.

而且許多由俄羅斯人建造和最初定居的堡壘，現在反而位於哈薩克境內，而不是俄羅斯境內。

Then, mostly across the second half of the 19th century, the Russian empire rapidly expanded its area of control across Central Asia through military conquest.

接著，主要在19世紀後半葉，俄羅斯帝國透過軍事征服，迅速擴張了在中亞的控制區域。

And in order to maintain their control over these newly conquered territories, the Russian Empire began encouraging a massive settlement program of ethnic Russians and Ukrainians to colonize Kazakhstan and the rest of Central Asia to shift the region's demographics to become more Slavic.

為了維持對這些新徵服領土的控制，俄羅斯帝國開始鼓勵大規模的俄羅斯族和烏克蘭族移民計畫，以殖民哈薩克和中亞其他地區，改變該地區的人口結構，使其更加斯拉夫化。

Hundreds of thousands of the Russian Empire Slavs from Eastern Europe began settling in Kazakhstan in the late 19th century, and

19世紀末，數十萬來自東歐的俄羅斯帝國斯拉夫人開始定居哈薩克，

they began coming in even higher droves after the Russians finished constructing the Transaeral Railway in 1906, which for the first time connected the lands of Kazakhstan and Central Asia directly with European Russia by rail.

到了1906年俄羅斯人完成了西伯利亞鐵路（Trans-Siberian Railway）的建設後，他們更是以更高的數量湧入，這條鐵路首次透過鐵路將哈薩克和中亞地區與歐洲俄羅斯直接連接起來。

Russians and Ukrainians were especially encouraged by the tsarist authorities to settle the fertile arable lands of northern Kazakhstan.

沙皇當局特別鼓勵俄羅斯人和烏克蘭人定居在哈薩克肥沃的耕地。

And by the time of the Russian Empire's first census that was conducted in 1897, a total of 454,000 Russians had already settled in modern day Kazakhstan, and

而到了俄羅斯帝國於1897年進行的第一次人口普查時，總共有45萬4千名俄羅斯人已經定居在今日的哈薩克，

they made up about 11% of the total population.

At the time, ethnic Kazakhs still made up a significant majority in Kazakhstan, with about 3.4 million people and about 83% of the territory's total population.

當時，哈薩克人仍然是哈薩克的主要民族，約有340萬人，佔該地區總人口的約83%。

But as the 19th century passed into the 20th century, that balance wouldn't last for very long, as Kazakhstan would go through multiple decades of catastrophic demographic collapse triggered directly by the policies of tsarist and later Soviet authorities.

不過，隨著19世紀進入20世紀，這種平衡並沒有持續太久，因為哈薩克將經歷數十年的災難性人口驟減，這直接源於沙皇及後來蘇聯當局的政策。

The increasing settlement of sedentary Russians and Ukrainians in Kazakhstan clashed with the traditional culture of the indigenous nomadic Kazakhs.

越來越多的俄羅斯人和烏克蘭人定居在哈薩克，這與當地遊牧哈薩克人的傳統文化發生了衝突。

And resentment among the Kazakhs mounted for decades until they exploded in outright revolt in 1916.

哈薩克人的不滿情緒積壓了數十年，直到1916年爆發了公開的起義。

When the tsarist regime began attempting to conscript Muslim Kazakhs to fight on the Eastern front during the First World War, the tsarist regime in Russia chose to put down the 1916 revolt in Central Asia extremely harshly.

當沙皇政權開始試圖徵召穆斯林哈薩克人在第一次世界大戰期間的東線戰場作戰時，俄羅斯的沙皇政權選擇以極其殘酷的方式鎮壓了1916年中亞的起義。

By February of 1917, it's estimated that somewhere between 100,000 and 270,000 mostly Kyrgyz and Kazakh people were killed as a result of the ensuing violence.

到了1917年2月，估計有10萬到27萬名，主要是吉爾吉斯人和哈薩克人，在隨後的暴力事件中喪生。

While hundreds of thousands of other Kazakhs fled the chaos into neighboring China, which gave birth to the modern Kazakh diaspora.

而數十萬哈薩克人則逃往鄰近的中國，這也催生了現代哈薩克人的海外社群。

And then, after the entire Russian empire collapsed later on in 1917 and the Russian civil war began between the Communists and the White movement, Kazakhstan was thrown into an even deeper period of chaos.

接著，隨著整個俄羅斯帝國在1917年崩潰，共產黨人和白軍之間的俄國內戰爆發，哈薩克陷入更深的混亂時期。

As the civil war between the Bolsheviks and the whites intensified across the former empire, catastrophic famine conditions developed across large parts of it that particularly affected Kazakhstan.

隨著布爾什維克與白軍之間的內戰在前帝國各地加劇，大片地區出現了災難性的飢荒，對哈薩克尤其嚴重。

Between 1917 and 1922, this first great famine is believed to have killed anywhere from 400,000 to 750,000 more people across Kazakhstan over just those five years, which is believed to have even further wiped out roughly 10% to 19% of the entire pre famine ethnic Kazakh population, which obviously resulted in a devastating demographic setback for Kazakhstan.

據信，在1917年至1922年間，這場第一次大飢荒在短短五年內，就奪走了哈薩克約40萬至75萬人的生命，這被認為進一步消滅了約10%至19%的飢荒前哈薩克總人口，對哈薩克造成了毀滅性的打擊。

These events, combined with the continued settlement of Russians and Ukrainians in Kazakhstan, led to a severe altering in Kazakhstan's demographics.

這些事件，加上俄羅斯人和烏克蘭人持續移居哈薩克，導致哈薩克人口結構發生了嚴重改變。

By the time of the next census in the territory that was conducted by the Soviets in 1926.

到了蘇聯於1926年進行的下一次人口普查時。

By then, the Kazakhs had shrunk to only 58.5% of the total population, down from the 83% they had once enjoyed three decades previously, back in 1897, while over the same time period, the Russian population in Kazakhstan had more than doubled to become about 21% of the population, while the Ukrainians had also grown to become about 14% of the population.

那時，哈薩克人僅佔總人口的58.5%，遠低於1897年（三十年前）的83%；同期，哈薩克境內的俄羅斯人口增加了一倍多，約佔人口的21%，而烏克蘭人也增加到約佔人口的14%。

Kazakhstan enjoyed a brief era of autonomy during the Russian Civil War era before it was subsumed by the Red army into the newly established Soviet Union by the end of 1922, where it at first became a formal territorial part of the Russian Soviet Republic.

在俄國內戰期間，哈薩克曾享有短暫的自治時期，但在1922年底被紅軍併入新成立的蘇聯，最初成為俄羅斯蘇維埃共和國的一個正式領土部分。

For the first 13 years of the Soviet Union's existence up until 1936, Kazakhstan in its entirety remained a legal territory of Russia's within the Soviet Union, and

在蘇聯成立後的最初13年，直到1936年，整個哈薩克在蘇聯境內仍是俄羅斯的合法領土，

Kazakhstan wasn't legally separated from Russia to become its own separate, full Union Soviet Republic until 1936.

哈薩克直到1936年才正式從俄羅斯分離，成為一個獨立的蘇聯加盟共和國。

During those 13 years that Kazakhstan was directly a part of Russia, the Soviet authorities immediately introduced the policy of collective farming to the territory that set up collective farms that were primarily inhabited by Russian and Soviet deportees from elsewhere rather than by ethnic Kazakhs.

在這段哈薩克直接隸屬於俄羅斯的13年間，蘇聯當局立即在當地推行集體農場政策，這些農場主要由來自其他地方的俄羅斯和蘇聯流放者居住，而非哈薩克族人。

After Stalin drafted the Soviet Union's first Five Year Plan in 1928, the Bolshevik Kazakh Central Committee officially decreed in 1930 that in order to meet the plans ambitious agricultural and industrial targets, the entire nomadic Kazakh population would be forcefully sedentarized and incorporated into Kazakhstan's system of collectivized farms.

在史達林於1928年起草蘇聯第一份五年計畫後，布爾什維克哈薩克中央委員會於1930年正式下令，為了達成計畫中雄心勃勃的農業和工業目標，所有遊牧的哈薩克人口將被強制定居，並納入哈薩克的集體農場體系。

This policy, virtually overnight, forced Kazakh herders, who had lived a nomadic lifestyle across the steppes with a diet based on their livestock's meat and dairy for literally thousands of years, to immediately abandon everything they and their culture knew and adopt a new life as farmers producing grain.

這項政策幾乎在一夜之間，迫使原本在草原上過著遊牧生活、飲食以牲畜肉類和奶製品為主的哈薩克牧民，立即放棄他們和他們的文化所熟悉的一切，並採用一種生產穀物的農民新生活。

Instead of which led to what should have been predictably disastrous results, Wealthier Kazakh nomads with larger cattle herds were branded as class enemies and were forced to hand over large numbers of their cattle at gunpoint, While the increasing numbers of collective farms that were established across the country's steppe resulted in a simultaneous sharp decline in the amount of adequate grazing land available in the country for all of the remaining herds.

結果並不如預期般災難性，擁有較多牛群的富裕哈薩克遊牧民被貼上階級敵人的標籤，並被迫在槍口下交出大量牛隻，同時，全國各地草原上建立的集體農場數量不斷增加，導致國家為所有剩餘牛群提供的足夠牧草量同時急劇下降。

Between 1930 and 1931, it's estimated that Soviet authority seized at least one third of Kazakhstan's grain and cereals and another one third of Kazakhst livestock to provide food for the major urban areas in the country like Moscow and Leningrad, all as Kazakhstan's agricultural output simultaneously plummeted because of the forced collectivization policies.

據估計，在1930年至1931年間，蘇聯當局至少徵收了哈薩克三分之一的穀物和糧食，以及三分之一的牲畜，以供應莫斯科和列寧格勒等該國主要城市地區的食物，而哈薩克的農業產量卻因強制集體化政策而同時暴跌。

This all ultimately led to One of the most catastrophic man made famines in human history, developing within Kazakhstan and other areas of the Soviet Union in the early 1930s, while Stalin's policies throughout the famine only ended up making things even worse.

這一切最終導致了人類歷史上最慘烈的人為飢荒之一，於1930年代初期在哈薩克及蘇聯其他地區爆發，而史達林在整個飢荒期間的政策只讓情況變得更糟。

Districts that the Soviets established within Kazakhstan that didn't meet the government's grain production quotas were blacklisted by Soviet authorities, which meant that they became prohibited from trading with any other districts or villages, which essentially entrapped desperate and starving Kazakhs and blacklisted villages into what effectively became vast zones of death and hunger, where it was physically impossible for anyone to locate any food.

蘇聯在哈薩克設立的、未能達到政府糧食生產配額的地區，被蘇聯當局列入黑名單，這意味著它們被禁止與任何其他地區或村莊進行貿易，這實際上將絕望且飢餓的哈薩克人以及被列入黑名單的村莊困在了實際上成為死亡和飢餓的廣大區域，任何人都無法找到食物。

In total, in only three years between 1930 and 1933, it's estimated that anywhere from 1.5 million to 2.3 million Soviet Kazakhstan died as a result of the catastrophic famine, including at least 1.3 million ethnic Kazakhs.

總計，僅在1930年至1933年的三年時間裡，估計有150萬至230萬蘇聯哈薩克人因這場災難性的飢荒而死亡，其中包括至少130萬哈薩克族人。

It is the sharpest population decline in Kazakhstan's entire history, as it's believed that as much as 42% of the entire pre famine ethnic Kazakh population of 1929 died, while much of Kazakhstan's ethnic minorities were also affected, like Ukrainians, who also lost roughly 36% of their entire pre famine population in Kazakhstan during the same famous famine as well.

這是哈薩克歷史上最劇烈的人口下降，因為據信1929年飢荒前約42%的哈薩克族人口死亡，而哈薩克的大部分少數民族也受到影響，例如烏克蘭人，他們在同一場著名飢荒中，在哈薩克的族人也損失了約36%的飢荒前總人口。

And due to the horrendous severity of the famine during those years, it's also estimated that another roughly 665,000 to 1.1 million more Kazakhs simply fled the country with hundreds of thousands of their cattle into neighboring countries like China, Mongolia, Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey and the other Soviet Central Asian republics.

而且由於那幾年飢荒的嚴重程度，估計還有大約66萬5千到110萬哈薩克人帶著數十萬頭牲畜逃離國家，前往中國、蒙古、阿富汗、伊朗、土耳其以及蘇聯其他中亞共和國等鄰國。

That increased the size of the Kazakh diaspora and exasperated the food scarcity and the famine in Kazakhstan even further.

這使得哈薩克僑民的規模擴大，並進一步加劇了哈薩克的糧食短缺和飢荒。

All of the Kazakhs who attempted to escape from the country during the famine were branded by the Soviet authorities as class traitors and orders were given to soldiers to shoot them on sight at the border.

所有試圖在飢荒期間逃離國家的哈薩克人，都被蘇聯當局貼上階級叛徒的標籤，並下令阿兵哥在邊境格殺勿論。

Thousands of Kazakhs who attempted to escape into China were shot and killed in this way by Soviet border guards as well.

成千上萬試圖逃往中國的哈薩克人，也遭到了蘇聯邊防軍的射殺。

And the combined calamity of all the deaths and the refugees caused by the famine led to a rapid decline in the population of Kazakhs in Kazakhstan, from nearly 60% of the population before the famine to just 38% of the population afterwards.

飢荒造成的死亡和難民的總體災難，導致哈薩克人口急劇下降，從飢荒前的近60%降至事後的38%。

The two Soviet censuses conducted before and after the famine in 1926 and 1937 reveal that the number of Kazakhs in Kazakhstan crashed from 3,636,612 in 1926 to just 2,181,000 a decade later.

1926年和1937年兩次蘇聯人口普查顯示，哈薩克人口從1926年的3,636,612人，十年後銳減至2,181,000人。

And in addition to the previous severe Kazakh famine of 1919-1922, Kazakhstan lost more than half of its entire population in a mere 15 year timespan due to the actions and policies of the Tsarist and Soviet authorities in the territory.

除了先前1919年至1922年的嚴重哈薩克飢荒，哈薩克在短短15年間，由於沙皇和蘇聯當局的政策，損失了超過一半的總人口。

Ethnic Russians in Kazakhstan for the first time outnumbered ethnic Kazakhs.

哈薩克境內的俄羅斯族人口首次超過了哈薩克族人口。

And Kazakhs would remain an ethnic minority in their own republic for decades until after the collapse of the Soviet Union itself in the 1990s.

哈薩克人將在自己的共和國中保持少數民族地位數十年，直到1990年代蘇聯解體後。

And throughout World War II, Stalin continued meddling with Kazakhstan's demographics even further.

而在第二次世界大戰期間，史達林繼續進一步幹預哈薩克的族群結構。

That would leave behind decades of lasting influence into the modern day.

這會留下數十年深遠的影響，直到現代。

In 1941, after Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union, Stalin.

1941年，納粹德國入侵蘇聯後，史達林。

Stalin had the entire Population of 600,000 Volga Germans in Russia forcibly expelled from their homeland and exiled, with more than 400,000 of them getting deported into Kazakhstan, which introduced a large ethnic German minority to Kazakhstan in the process.

史達林強行驅逐了俄羅斯境內所有60萬伏爾加德意志人離開家園並流放，其中超過40萬人被遣送到哈薩克，這也是以在哈薩克引入了大量的德意志少數民族。

By 1959, Germans reached more than 7% of Kazakhstan's total population as a result, and

到了1959年，德國人佔哈薩克總人口的比例達到了7%以上，

by 1989, the German population in Kazakhstan reached nearly 1 million people.

到了1989年，哈薩克境內的德國人口更是接近100萬人。

Later on, in 1944, after the Soviets retook the Crimean peninsula from the Germans, Stalin also ordered the forcible deportation of the entire ethnic Crimean Tatar population to Central Asia as well, on charges that they had allegedly all collaborated with the Nazi invaders.

之後，在1944年，蘇聯從德國手中重新奪回克里米亞半島後，史達林也下令將整個克里米亞韃靼族人口強行驅逐到中亞，罪名是他們據稱都與納粹入侵者合作。

This introduced a large Tatar ethnic minority into Kazakhstan as well, who eventually numbered several hundred thousand people too.

這也為哈薩克引入了大量的韃靼少數民族，他們最終也達到了數十萬人。

And at the same time as all of these outside populations were being transferred to Kazakhstan, more of Kazakhstan's indigenous population was dying during the Second World War as well.

同時，在這些外來人口被轉移到哈薩克的時候，哈薩克的原住民在第二次世界大戰期間也持續死亡。

The Kazakh Soviet Republic lost a total of 660,000 of its citizens during World War II from 1941 to 1945, representing another devastating loss of 10.7% of Kazakhstan's total population in only four years of war, Coming right on the heels of the devastating demographic collapses of the two previous famines in the 1930s and the 1920s, as well.

哈薩克蘇維埃共和國在第二次世界大戰期間（1941年至1945年）總共損失了66萬名公民，這代表著在短短四年戰爭中，又損失了佔哈薩克總人口10.7%的驚人數字，緊接著是1920年代和1930年代兩次毀滅性飢荒造成的人口銳減。

As a result of all of this chaos in Kazakhstan, the next Soviet census in the territory, conducted in 1959, revealed that ethnic Kazakhs had plummeted to only 30% of Kazakhstan's total population by then, while Russians made up the new majority at 42.7% of the total population, while Ukrainians stood at another 8.2% and Germans and another 7.1% of the total population, giving European ethnicities in Kazakhstan a combined share of about 58% of Kazakhstan's total population at the time.

由於哈薩克境內所有這些動盪，該地區下一次的蘇聯人口普查（於1959年進行）顯示，當時哈薩克族人口銳減至僅佔哈薩克總人口的30%，而俄羅斯人則佔了新的多數，佔總人口的42.7%，烏克蘭人佔8.2%，德國人佔7.1%，這使得哈薩克境內的歐洲族裔總共佔哈薩克總人口的約58%。