Name: 【地層処分科學】1-5. 埋設後玻璃固化體腐蝕！ (【地層処分の科学】1-5. 埋設後のガラス固化体の腐食)
Uploaded: 2026-01-03T03:52:43.000Z
Duration: 16 min 41 s

So what happens when groundwater or clay pore water comes in contact with the borosilicate glass?

那麼，當地下水或黏土孔隙水接觸到硼矽酸鹽玻璃時，會發生什麼事呢？

Then there will be some corrosion of the glass.

The corrosion of the glass will transform the glass into solid reaction product like corrosion products.

玻璃的腐蝕會將玻璃轉變成像腐蝕產物這樣的固體反應產物。

You may have seen this in your experience.

你可能在經驗中看過這個情況。

If you put drinking glass into a dishwasher, then it become corroded off.

如果你把飲水杯放進洗碗機，它就會被腐蝕掉。

If you do it so long time and it becomes not very nice anymore.

如果你這樣做很久，它就會變得不太好看。

And this type of corrosion reactions will occur also with borosilicate gas.

而這種腐蝕反應也會發生在硼矽酸鹽玻璃上。

They take a long time for corrode in nuclear waste glass.

核廢料玻璃需要很長的時間來腐蝕。

Borosilicate glass canister for may take hundreds of thousands or millions of years.

硼矽酸鹽玻璃罐可能需要數十萬甚至數百萬年。

But when corrosion starts, some first radionuclides which are soluble may immediately be released.

但一旦腐蝕開始，一些可溶的放射性核種可能會立即釋放出來。

Of course, only a small fraction of the radionuclides which are in the corroded part of the glass.

當然，這只是玻璃腐蝕部分中放射性核種的一小部分比例。

So the whole Corrosion may take 100,000 years or million years.

所以整個腐蝕過程可能需要十萬年或百萬年。

But the small fraction of the glass may corrode already initially.

但玻璃的一小部分一開始就可能已經腐蝕了。

And then there's more corrosion over time.

然後隨著時間推移，腐蝕會越來越嚴重。

And what is corroded and glass can be transported.

被腐蝕的玻璃部分可以被運送走。

Some radionuclides are entirely insoluble in water, like plutonium and so on.

有些放射性核種像鈽等等，在水中完全不溶。

So even if water comes in contact with the glass, the plutonium will not be transported because it is in the water insoluble or very little soluble.

所以即使水接觸到玻璃，鈽也不會被運送走，因為它在水中不溶或溶解度非常小。

So there is a quantity of plutonium which can go into the water so low that it will not do the harm when it is transported to the human accessible environment.

所以能進入水中的鈽的量會非常低，當它被運送到人類可接觸的環境時，就不會造成危害。

Other radionuclides, like iodine129 are rather soluble and they can be transported by water.

其他的放射性核種，像碘129，則相當可溶，可以被水運送。

There's not so much iodine in the glass, because iodine is difficult to put in the glass, but

玻璃裡的碘含量其實不多，因為碘不容易被放進玻璃裡，

that what's in can be transported by slowly to the environment.

但裡面含有的碘，可以透過緩慢的過程被運送到環境中。

And in the French repository concepts, the iodine is the key nuclei which may cause risks.

在法國的核廢料處置場概念中，碘是可能造成風險的關鍵核種。

But all calculations have shown that the transport is so slow that even in million years never the critical dose would be accepted, would be depassed.

但所有計算都顯示，傳輸速度非常慢，即使經過百萬年也不會達到或超過安全劑量。

Even if people drink just only the water from this repository site, from the upper aquifers, which are on top of the repository.

即使人們只喝來自這個處置場、位於處置場上方的含水層的水。

So what happens with corrosion of the glass?

那麼玻璃的腐蝕會發生什麼事呢？

You see here some corrosion products, you see clays, you see here powerlite, it's a calcium molybdate phase.

這裡可以看到一些腐蝕產物，有黏土，還有這裡的鈣鉬酸鹽相的鉬酸鋇。

And you see baratine, which is barium strontium sulfate phase.

Essentially it's barium sulfate and with some strontium in it.

基本上它是硫酸鋇，裡面含有一些鍶。

So these type of phases, there can be many others.

所以這些類型的相，可能還有很多其他的。

This is just Only an example here, which depends very much on the conditions of the water compositions of the glass compositions and so on.

這只是一個例子，它非常依賴於水的成分、玻璃的成分等等的條件。

But you do form reaction products, solid reaction products.

但你會形成反應產物，固體反應產物。

That means not only is the dissolution of the glass leading to leaching of some radionuclides.

這表示玻璃的溶解不僅會導致一些放射性核種的浸出。

Many radionuclides are fixed again in these solid reaction products.

許多放射性核種又固定在這些固體反應產物中。

So we call this a secondary geochemical barrier.

所以我們稱之為次級地球化學屏障。

So first we have the glass, then the glass dissolves.

所以首先我們有玻璃，然後玻璃溶解。

But the reaction products are largely solid and incorporate again a large quantity of radionuclides.

但反應產物基本上是固體的，並且再次結合了大量的放射性核種。

Then we can ask the question of the speed of glass corrosion.

然後我們可以問玻璃腐蝕的速度。

So if we take this R77 glass I was just talking before, produced by Orano, this will corrode with a reaction rate of 10 to the minus 5 to the minus 6 per year.

所以如果我們看這個我剛剛提到的 Orano 生產的 R77 玻璃，它的腐蝕速率是每年 10 的負 5 到負 6。

That means million years it may take for a complete dissolution.

這意味著可能需要百萬年才能完全溶解。

In repository works like in clay or granite.

在像黏土或花崗巖這樣的儲存庫中。

That means just a fraction per year of 1,000,000th part or 100,000th part of the glass is dissolved and another equivalent part is transformed to secondary phases.

這意味著每年只有一千萬分之一或百萬分之一的玻璃被溶解，另一部分則轉變成次級相。

And many radionuclides are fixed in this new secondary phases and are not released to the water.

然後許多放射性核種會固定在這個新的次級相中，不會釋放到水中。

Some radionuclides are not integrated in this new solid phases.

有些放射性核種沒有被整合到這個新的固體相中。

And as they are very soluble and are released to the water.

而且因為它們非常可溶，所以會釋放到水中。

And the retention factor of actinides in the glass surface alteration products in the solid products often be larger than 99%.

玻璃表面蝕變產物和固體產物中錒系元素的滯留因子通常大於 99%。

So that maybe 1% or less than 1% can be released to the water in 99% of the inventory of these elements in the glass stays in the reaction product formed upon glass water reaction.

所以可能只有 1% 或更少會釋放到水中，而這些元素在玻璃中的庫存有 99% 會留在玻璃與水反應形成的反應產物中。

This is just a sketch to show how one could think about it.

這只是一個草圖，用來展示我們該如何思考這件事。

You have here in 10 minutes already a contact between glass and water here of groundwater, for example, there will some water enter into the glass by diffusion.

在這裡，十分鐘內，玻璃和地下水就會接觸，例如，會有水透過擴散進入玻璃。

You form a hydrated surface diffusion layers with some depletion of sodium and silica.

你會形成水合表面擴散層，鈉和二氧化矽會有些耗盡。

And now if you wait a longer period of time, then this front of hydration goes much deeper into the glass.

現在，如果你等待更長的時間，這個水合的前緣就會深入玻璃內部。

And you form these secondary phases precipitates.

And these precipitates can take quite a bit of radionuclides.

而這些沉澱物可以吸附相當多的放射性核種。

So even if you have corrosion, somehow the plutonium does only in traces go into the water.

所以即使有腐蝕，鈽也只會微量地進入水中。

And the large quantity will stay in the secondary reaction product.

而大部分會留在次級反應產物中。

So we're now talking about the driving forces and the rate controls for glass dissolution.

所以我們現在要討論玻璃溶解的驅動力和速率控制。

我這個領域的論文也是在那時候寫的。

And there was last research on how to understand how to quantify the interaction between water and glass.

然後有最新的研究，是如何瞭解和量化水與玻璃之間的交互作用。

Of course, if we would put water in a river, then there's lots of water present and the glass can dissolve relatively fast.

當然，如果我們把水放在河裡，那裡有很多水，玻璃可以相對快速地溶解。

I would say maybe in thousand years, which is still slow, but

我會說可能需要一千年，這仍然很慢，但是

it's fast relative to the long term stability which we have in a repository where we have only little water.

相較於我們在儲存庫中只有少量水的長期穩定性，這算是快的。

In the confined space of the repository, maybe the reaction rate are thousand, ten thousand times slower than in a river.

在儲存庫的密閉空間裡，反應速率可能比在河裡慢上一千到一萬倍。

Nobody puts radioactive waste in a river.

沒有人會把放射性廢料丟到河裡。

It will put it in a deep repository where there's very little water present.

它會被放在一個有極少量水的深層儲存庫裡。

And the critical effect is then the dissolved silica.

而關鍵的影響就是溶解的二氧化矽。

That means, as you have seen in the production of the glass, the glass is made a lot from silica.

這表示，就像你們在製造玻璃時看到的，玻璃主要由二氧化矽製成。

And the silica can dissolve and it is found in the water.

二氧化矽可以溶解，並存在於水中。

But if the silica concentration is low, the glass dissolves relatively fast.

但如果二氧化矽的濃度很低，玻璃溶解的速度相對較快。

Relatively fast could still be some 10,000 years of stability.

相對較快可能還是需要一萬年的穩定性。

But if the glass dissolution, if silica concentration is low, is high, in this case, glass dissolution is very slow.

但如果玻璃溶解，如果二氧化矽濃度低，在這個情況下，玻璃溶解會非常慢。

And the interaction, this is an interesting fact because now if silica in the water dissolves from the glass or coming from other sources like from the repository, rock dissolved from the repository, so the silica in the water has an influence about the glass dissolution rate.

而這個交互作用，這是一個有趣的現象，因為現在如果水中的二氧化矽是從玻璃溶解出來，或是來自其他來源，像是來自處置庫，岩石溶解出來的，那麼水中的二氧化矽就會影響玻璃的溶解速率。

Then other components may also have an influence on glass dissolution rates as they may interact.

接著其他成分也可能影響玻璃的溶解速率，因為它們可能會發生交互作用。

Iron can adsorb silica and by this has an influence of glass dissolution rates.

鐵可以吸附二氧化矽，進而影響玻璃的溶解速率。

It is sometimes reported that in presence of iron, glass dissolution rates are higher.

有時候會報導說，在有鐵的情況下，玻璃的溶解速率會比較高。

So it's a coupling between the engineered barrier components like iron and the stability of the glass.

所以這是工程屏障組件，像是鐵，和玻璃穩定性之間的耦合。

And absorption of silicon on iron corrosion products can lead to faster glass dissolution.

矽在鐵的腐蝕產物上的吸附，可能會導致玻璃溶解得更快。

That's rather complicated network of actors of elements of substances which somehow needs to be understood.

這是一個相當複雜的演員、元素、物質的網絡，需要被理解。

So we need to have an understanding of the overall near field, the interaction of the different components.

所以我們需要對整個近場，不同組件的交互作用有所瞭解。

I mentioned that already for the plutonium, that plutonium will not very much be transported by the water because it is forming this secondary alteration products, which I've described and about the retention factor is about 99%.

我之前已經提過鈽，因為鈽會形成次級蝕變產物，所以不太會被水帶走，我描述過這個，滯留因子大約是 99%。

That means 99% stays in the reaction products after the glass corrosion and 1% may go into the water.

這表示 99% 會留在玻璃腐蝕後的反應產物中，而 1% 可能會進入水中。

So we did studies and we see here, for example, as a function of physical.

所以我們做了研究，在這裡可以看到，例如，是物理上的函數。

The solubility of plutonium which is given here.

Now you take for example these blue points here.

現在，舉例來說，你看看這裡的藍色點。

The maximum concentration possible would be about on this line here, very on top, at about 10 to the minus 4, 10 to the minus 5 mole per liter.

最大可能的濃度大約會在這條線上，最上面，大約是 10 的負 4 次方到 10 的負 5 次方莫耳/公升。

That means if the plutonium would not be solubility limited, it should be on this line of 10 to the minus 4 or something like this.

這表示如果鈽沒有溶解度限制，它應該會在這條 10 的負 4 次方左右的線上。

Now since it is solubility limit, and this is a calculated solubility, for example of oxidized plutonium, and

現在因為它是溶解度限制，而且這是計算出來的溶解度，例如氧化態鈽的溶解度，而且

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【地層処分科學】1-5. 埋設後玻璃固化體腐蝕！ (【地層処分の科学】1-5. 埋設後のガラス固化体の腐食)

essentially

equivalent

present

critical