Name: 研究者だけど「中世ヨーロッパ」について質問ある？ (研究者だけど「中世ヨーロッパ」について質問ある？| Tech Support | WIRED Japan)
Uploaded: 2025-05-23T08:07:05.000Z
Duration: 19 min 11 s

I'm Medievalist Professor Dorsey Armstrong.

我是中世紀學家多西-阿姆斯特朗教授。

Let's take some questions from the internet.

Atjohnnyv45385760 asks, what did medieval English sound like?

Atjohnnyv45385760 問：中世紀英語聽起來像什麼？

A good shorthand way to figure out what medieval English sounds like is to take all vowels and pronounce them as you would in French and pronounce every letter.

要弄清中世紀英語的發音，一個很好的速記方法就是把所有元音都讀出來，就像在法語中讀每個字母一樣。

The word for wife would be pronounced weef.

The word for house would be pronounced hoose.

Here is what the Lord's Prayer would have sounded like in Middle English probably sometime in the 14th century.

下面是主禱文在中古英語中的發音，大概是 14 世紀的某個時候。

Our father that art in heaven us, hallowed be thy name, thy realm or kingdom come to be, and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil.

我們在天上的父，願人都尊你的名為聖，願你的國度降臨，不叫我們遇見試探，救我們脫離凶惡。

Atcaffeinateddays asks, why was it called the Middle Ages?

Atcaffeinateddays 問：為什麼稱之為中世紀？

他們怎麼知道末日是什麼時候？

The name Middle Ages was given to that period by people who came much later.

中世紀這個名稱是由後來者賦予的。

And the middle that they were thinking of was the period roughly from about 500 to 1500 after the fall of the Roman Empire and before the Renaissance.

他們所說的中間時期是指羅馬帝國滅亡後到文藝復興之前的大約 500 年到 1500 年這段時間。

Around 1000, there is an increase in population.

And so we call this period in between, say about 1000 and 1300, the High Middle Ages.

是以，我們把介於 1000 年至 1300 年之間的這一時期稱為中世紀。

This is when the university system comes into existence.

This is when those beautiful cathedrals are all being built.

這些美麗的大教堂都是在這個時候建成的。

It really is a golden age in the medieval period.

At beforewekiss asks, wait, the Game of Thrones red wedding really happened?

在 beforewekiss 提問：等等，《權力的遊戲》中的紅色婚禮真的發生過嗎？

It's well known that George R.R. Martin borrowed liberally from medieval history.

眾所周知，喬治-R-R-馬丁大量借鏡了中世紀曆史。

The red wedding itself is based on Scottish history.

紅色婚禮本身取材於蘇格蘭歷史。

In 1440, the young king of Scotland invited the young leaders of the Douglas clan to dine with him.

1440 年，年輕的蘇格蘭國王邀請道格拉斯家族的年輕首領與他共進晚餐。

When you're invited into the feast hall, you dine with the king.

當你被邀請進入宴會廳時，你將與國王共進晚餐。

The code of hospitality should maintain that no ill can come to you.

熱情好客的準則應該是 "無病無災"。

And instead, they were betrayed and beheaded.

相反，他們卻被出賣並被斬首。

Like in Game of Thrones, much of the contest over the throne has to do with rival factions that maybe to some degree or another are related to one another.

就像《權力的遊戲》中一樣，王位的爭奪在很大程度上與敵對派系有關，而這些派系或許在某種程度上相互關聯。

George R.R. Martin took as his template for this the late medieval conflict known as the Wars of the Roses.

喬治-馬丁（George R.R. Martin）以中世紀晚期的 "玫瑰戰爭"（Wars of the Roses）為藍本進行創作。

You have the Lancaster cousins against the York cousins.

蘭開斯特表兄弟對抗約克表兄弟。

And in the show, the Lannisters have a name that sounds very much like Lancaster, and the Starks with their one-syllable name, that name chimes nicely with York.

在劇中，蘭尼斯特家的名字聽起來很像蘭開斯特，而史塔克家的名字只有一個音節，與約克很相稱。

As far as characters go, the Mad Targaryen King would seem to be a pretty clear analog to King Henry VI, who suffered bouts of madness.

就人物而言，瘋狂的坦格利安國王似乎與飽受瘋狂折磨的亨利六世國王非常相似。

安茹的瑪格麗特，亨利六世的王后。

Her son was probably not the son of Henry VI.

她的兒子很可能不是亨利六世的兒子。

Henry VI himself commented that he could not remember when the conception had happened, and that it must have been a miracle.

亨利六世自己也說，他不記得是什麼時候受孕的，這一定是個奇蹟。

This, of course, seems to be very much like the situation with Cersei, whose children are not that of Robert Baratheon, but are indeed the children of herself and her twin brother, Jaime Lannister.

當然，這似乎與瑟曦的情況非常相似，她的孩子並不是勞勃-拜拉席恩的孩子，而是她自己和孿生兄弟詹姆-蘭尼斯特的孩子。

AtSolisComrade asks, do I have narcolepsy, or do I just have the natural sleep cycle of a medieval peasant?

AtSolisComrade 問：我是否患有嗜睡症，或者我是否只是擁有中世紀農民的自然睡眠週期？

Sleep in the Middle Ages was very different from sleep today.

中世紀的睡眠與今天的睡眠截然不同。

People in the Middle Ages generally slept biphasically, which means in two stages.

中世紀的人一般都是雙相睡眠，即分兩個階段。

So there was what was called the first sleep.

於是就有了所謂的第一次睡眠。

If you're in a natural sleep rhythm that does not have any exposure to unnatural light, you will fall asleep when the sun goes down.

如果你的睡眠節奏很自然，沒有任何非自然光的照射，那麼當太陽下山時，你就會睡著。

You will sleep for a few hours, and then you might get up maybe around 11 midnight, might do some chores, might have sex.

你會睡上幾個小時，然後你可能會在午夜 11 點左右起床，可能會做一些家務，可能會做愛。

In early castles, the lord and lady usually slept in the great hall behind where they would sit at table for great feasts.

在早期的城堡中，領主和夫人通常睡在後面的大廳裡，他們會坐在大廳的餐桌前享用大餐。

All of the king's retainers and loyal warriors would also sleep in that same room.

國王的所有家臣和忠誠的戰士也會睡在同一個房間裡。

There might be a screen separating their sleeping quarters from the rest of the hall, but there was not a ton of privacy.

他們的寢室與大廳的其他地方之間可能有一道屏風隔開，但並沒有什麼隱私可言。

Then, usually around 2 a.m. or so, you might enter what's called the second sleep, and this sleep would go until the sun came up, and you would arise and get ready to do your chores or your work for the day.

然後，通常在凌晨兩點左右，你可能會進入所謂的第二次睡眠，這種睡眠會一直持續到太陽昇起，你會起床準備做家務或一天的工作。

It's not until the advent of electricity and people are able to work longer hours and they need to compress their sleep into one single block that we see people sleeping, say, from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m., and that is not a natural cycle.

直到有了電，人們的工作時間延長了，需要把睡眠時間壓縮到一整塊，我們才看到有人從晚上 10 點睡到早上 6 點，而這並不是一個自然週期。

At Rasus asks, honestly, why do medieval people have so many torture devices?

在拉蘇斯，老實說，為什麼中世紀的人會有這麼多刑具？

What the fuck was wrong with those people?

First of all, they did not have all those torture devices.

Yes, they had some, but most torture devices you see came into use or were invented after the Middle Ages, or they're completely fabricated, especially by people in the 19th century, who, for some reason, wanted to imagine the Middle Ages as a time of savagery and barbarism.

是的，他們有一些，但你看到的大多數刑具都是在中世紀之後才開始使用或發明的，或者完全是編造出來的，尤其是 19 世紀的人，他們出於某種原因，想把中世紀想象成一個野蠻的時代。

So, by contrast, they seemed much more civilized.

是以，相比之下，他們顯得文明得多。

So, for example, you might have the rack.

是以，舉例來說，你可能會有這樣一個機架。

Any chastity belt you have seen in a museum is a fake.

你在博物館裡看到的任何貞操帶都是假的。

At Medieval Scholar asks, what is your favorite medieval castle?

中世紀學者問：您最喜歡哪座中世紀城堡？

This is a tough question to answer, because I have about 20.

這個問題很難回答，因為我有大約 20 個。

It is a great example of a Mott and Bailey castle.

Basically, a Mott and Bailey castle has two parts.

基本上，莫特貝利城堡由兩部分組成。

在此基礎上，你將建造一座城堡。

Below and in front of the keep would be the Bailey section, and this is where all the activity of the household would happen.

飼養室的下方和前方是貝利區，這裡是家庭所有活動的場所。

A Mott and Bailey castle also have another layer outside that enclosure, which would be a moat.

莫特和貝利城堡的圍牆外還有一層，那就是護城河。

If you are a knight in armor, the last thing you probably wanna do is swim across the moat.

如果你是一位身披鎧甲的騎士，你可能最不想做的事情就是遊過護城河。

The moat also prevents the enemy from tunneling under the castle walls to get to the keep.

護城河還能防止敵人從城牆下挖地道進入城堡。

If the enemy forces push through the Bailey, then everyone retreats into the keep.

如果敵軍攻破貝雷堡，那麼所有人都會退入堡壘。

For the most part, a castle was defensive.

在大多數情況下，城堡是防禦性的。

There are, for example, no hallways in castles.

Hallways come about with the advent of the palace, which is post-medieval, and because of this, there's really no privacy.

走廊是隨著中世紀後宮殿的出現而出現的，正因為如此，這裡確實沒有隱私可言。

Atshark3143 asks, did medieval kings ever just piss in the moat or what?

Atshark3143問：中世紀的國王會在護城河裡撒尿嗎？

Toilets tended to be a very, very small sort of closet that jutted out over the edge of the walls, sometimes over the moat, sometimes just down into a courtyard, and some poor guy had to clean it up.

廁所往往是一個很小很小的壁櫥，從牆邊伸出來，有時在護城河上，有時就在院子裡，一些可憐的人不得不把它清理乾淨。

Garderobes means, in French, a place to keep your robe, and if you hung your clothes in the garderobe next to all the ammonia scent from the urine, you were less likely to get mites and other creepy crawlies in your clothes.

在法語中，Garderobes 的意思是存放長袍的地方，如果把衣服掛在 Garderobe 裡，旁邊又有尿液散發出的氨氣，衣服上就不容易長蟎蟲和其他爬行動物。

Atweasy814 says, could y'all imagine the f***ing swamp-ass people had during the medieval times?

Atweasy814 說，你們能想象中世紀時人們的沼澤屁股嗎？

Yes, in the Middle Ages, you absolutely were smelling your neighbors much more than you are today, but it is a myth that they were completely unsanitary.

是的，在中世紀，你絕對比今天更容易聞到鄰居的氣味，但他們完全不講衛生的說法只是一種傳說。

Plenty of medieval cities had bathhouses where a caller would go through the streets announcing when the water was hot.

很多中世紀城市都有澡堂，當水熱的時候，會有叫號的人在街上廣播。

In certain medieval communities, like Strasbourg, if you were a civil servant, part of your salary went towards being able to use the bathhouse once a week so you could get clean.

在某些中世紀社區，比如斯特拉斯堡，如果你是公務員，你的部分工資就可以用來每週使用一次澡堂，這樣你就可以洗乾淨了。

It did smell bad, there were open sewers, but it was not as bad as some people might believe.

那裡確實很臭，有露天下水道，但並不像有些人認為的那麼糟糕。

Atcavemanpaints asks, how did humanity survive the Black Death without vaccines?

Atcavemanpaints 問：在沒有疫苗的情況下，人類是如何從黑死病中倖存下來的？

If we look at the mortality rate for the Black Death, we see that it's something like 80%, and that means if you contracted plague, you had maybe an 18 to 20% chance of surviving.

如果我們看一下黑死病的死亡率，我們會發現大概是 80%，這意味著如果你感染了鼠疫，你可能有 18% 到 20% 的機會活下來。

The first big wave, which was about 1346 to 1353, wipes out half of the population we now estimate.

第一波大潮大約在 1346 年到 1353 年之間，消滅了我們現在估計的一半人口。

The population didn't have any chance to rebound because plague kept coming back over and over again, up until 1721.

直到 1721 年，由於瘟疫一次又一次地復發，人口沒有任何反彈的機會。

And by the way, if you have seen images that supposedly represent what plague doctors looked like in sort of a primitive hazmat suit, no one wore those plague masks in the Middle Ages.

順便說一句，如果你看過一些圖片，據說是瘟疫醫生穿著原始的防護服的樣子，那麼在中世紀，沒有人戴這種瘟疫面具。

You should know that that is anachronistic, it is wrong.

你應該知道，這是不合時宜的，是錯誤的。

That probably came into being sometime around the 17th century.

這大概是在 17 世紀的某個時候出現的。

Iloveyourmom3 says, Hansel and Gretel is brutal.

Iloveyourmom3 說，《韓賽爾與格萊特》太殘酷了。

Infant mortality was so high in the Middle Ages that you might think there's no way medieval parents could attach any affection to children who were very likely to die.

中世紀的嬰兒死亡率非常高，你可能會認為中世紀的父母不可能對很可能死去的孩子有任何感情。

Evidence now shows that medieval people seem to have loved their children just as much as modern people do, that they mourned when they died, that they worried over them when they were sick.

現在的證據表明，中世紀的人們似乎和現代人一樣愛自己的孩子，他們在孩子死後為他們哀悼，在孩子生病時為他們擔心。

字幕列表影片播放

研究者だけど「中世ヨーロッパ」について質問ある？ (研究者だけど「中世ヨーロッパ」について質問ある？| Tech Support | WIRED Japan)

sort

evidence

period

mortality