You get to be a little bit of a detective because we are going to look at characteristics of flowers and fruits that allow us to respectively try to determine who their pollinator or what the dispersal agent is for the flower or fruit.

我們將觀察花朵和果實的特徵，通過這些特徵來判斷花朵或果實的授粉者或傳播者是誰。

We'll talk about pollination syndromes, and that's this term that we think of as associated with diseases as having a syndrome.

我們將討論授粉綜合症，這是一個我們認為與疾病相關的綜合症術語。

That's because a disease is a specific set of symptoms that contribute to this overall syndrome, and it's characteristic of whatever the causal agent of that disease is.

這是因為，疾病是一系列特定的症狀，這些症狀會導致整體綜合徵，而且無論該疾病的致病因素是什麼，它都是該疾病的特徵。

If we think about pollination syndrome, we're thinking of sets of characteristics about a flower that would be associated with a particular pollinator.

如果我們考慮授粉綜合徵，我們就會想到與特定授粉者有關的花的一系列特徵。

That'll have to do with the biology of that pollinator.

這與授粉者的生物學特性有關。

The first one we'll look at is bees.

我們首先來看蜜蜂。

Bees have a set of specific physical characteristics that is going to allow flowers to co-evolve with them over time and allow those relationships to form and specialize bees as their pollinators.

蜜蜂有一系列特定的物理特徵，這些特徵將使花朵隨著時間的推移與它們共同進化，使這些關係得以形成，並使蜜蜂成為它們的授粉者。

One of those characteristics is bee eyesight.

其中一個特點就是蜜蜂的視力。

Bees don't see the same part of the spectrum that we do.

蜜蜂看到的光譜與我們不同。

This part that's highlighted here is the part that we see, the visible light for humans.

這裡突出顯示的部分就是我們看到的部分，也就是人類的可見光。

We see into the red and into violet.

我們能看到紅色和紫色。

So with that set of visual characteristics, this is how we would see this particular flower on the right.

有了這些視覺特徵，我們就能看到右邊的這朵花了。

It looks yellow, we can see the center of it, and everything radiates out from the center.

它看起來是黃色的，我們可以看到它的中心，一切都從中心向外輻射。

That flower is going to be trying to communicate different information to a bee.

這朵花將試圖向蜜蜂傳達不同的資訊。

It's going to try to tell that bee where the pollen is located, because it wants the bee to get that pollen and spread it to another flower of its same species.

它會試圖告訴蜜蜂花粉的位置，因為它希望蜜蜂能得到花粉，並將其傳播到同種的另一朵花上。

There's an ultraviolet pigment here that's reflecting ultraviolet light that we don't see with our eyesight, but that bees do.

這裡有一種紫外線色素，它能反射我們用肉眼看不到的紫外線，但蜜蜂卻能看到。

In a field of these flowers, it might be difficult to distinguish where the center of a flower was.

在這些花的田野裡，可能很難分辨出一朵花的中心在哪裡。

By highlighting the center of that flower, they make it a little bit easier for a bee to be efficient and to visit the center of the flower.

通過突出花朵的中心，蜜蜂就能更有效率地光顧花朵的中心。

That way, it'll lose less pollen in areas that aren't the center.

這樣，非中心區域的花粉損失就會減少。

Flowers and their pollinators have co-evolved over time to be able to communicate with each other or be adapted specifically for each other.

隨著時間的推移，花朵和它們的授粉者已經共同進化，能夠相互交流，或專門為對方進行改造。

Some of these relationships are very specific, while other ones tend to be more general.

其中一些關係非常具體，而另一些關係則往往比較籠統。

Because of the way that bees see, they tend to prefer blues and yellows, and also purples.

由於蜜蜂的視覺方式，它們往往喜歡藍色、黃色和紫色。

When you're looking for if a flower is bee pollinated, you can look for those colors, blue, yellow, and purple.

當你尋找一朵花是否由蜜蜂授粉時，你可以尋找這些顏色，藍色、黃色和紫色。

That doesn't mean that that flower is only pollinated by bees.

這並不意味著那朵花只能由蜜蜂授粉。

There are many flies that tend to like the same things as bees do or butterflies as well.

有很多蒼蠅和蜜蜂、蝴蝶喜歡的東西是一樣的。

You can also look at characteristics of the flower rewards that would be offered.

您還可以瞭解所提供的鮮花獎勵的特點。

In a flower that is bee pollinated, there's going to be both nectar and pollen as rewards.

在蜜蜂授粉的花朵中，會有花蜜和花粉作為獎勵。

Bees need both.

蜜蜂兩者都需要。

Some of that pollen is going to be fed to the bees young.

其中一些花粉會餵給小蜜蜂。

That's why bees go collect pollen, is because they need to feed it to their offspring.

這就是蜜蜂採集花粉的原因，因為它們需要把花粉餵給後代。

Some organisms, most organisms that are pollinators, are just in it for the nectar to get that sugary reward that the flower offers, and they're incidental pollinators.

有些生物，大多數授粉生物，只是為了採花蜜，獲得花朵提供的含糖獎勵，它們是偶然的授粉者。

Bees tend to be more specific pollinators because they're actually trying to get at that pollen, so they try to get it all over them instead of just accidentally getting it on them.

蜜蜂往往是更有針對性的授粉者，因為它們實際上是在試圖獲取花粉，所以它們會盡量把花粉弄得滿身都是，而不是不小心弄到身上。

Bees have branched hairs all over their body that make them much better pollinators.

蜜蜂全身長滿了分枝的絨毛，這使它們成為更好的授粉者。

Flowers that bees like tend to be scented, and the scents that they have are fresh, clean, and sweet, scents that we would like.

蜜蜂喜歡的花朵往往帶有香味，它們的香味清新、乾淨、甜美，是我們喜歡的味道。

Bees have a pretty good sense of smell, and these are scents that we tend to attribute to like cleaning products or things that you would see on laundry detergent.

蜜蜂的嗅覺相當靈敏，這些氣味往往被我們認為是清潔產品或洗衣粉上的味道。

Smells like lavender are smells that bees would like.

薰衣草等氣味是蜜蜂喜歡的氣味。

Birds tend to be more similar to humans in characteristics that they might look for in a flower.

鳥類在尋找花朵時，其特徵往往與人類更為相似。

In our area, hummingbirds tend to be the most important bird pollinator.

在我們這裡，蜂鳥往往是最重要的鳥類授粉者。

If we were to look in more tropical environments or islands that are more predominantly bird-dominated, we might see a wider variety of bird pollinators.

如果我們到更多的熱帶環境或以鳥類為主的島嶼去觀察，我們可能會看到更多種類的鳥類授粉者。

So this, we're looking specific at hummingbird-related characteristics.

是以，我們要具體研究蜂鳥的相關特徵。

So hummingbirds are particularly attracted to red and pink, and birds in general will be more attracted to red.

是以蜂鳥特別喜歡紅色和粉紅色，而一般鳥類則更喜歡紅色。

Animals in general tend to be more attracted to red.

一般來說，動物更喜歡紅色。

So we're looking for red and pink flowers in general.

是以，我們要找的一般是紅色和粉紅色的花朵。

Birds can still pollinate white flowers or other flower colors, but red and pink tend to be kind of more specialized toward birds.

鳥類仍然可以為白色花朵或其他顏色的花朵授粉，但紅色和粉色的花朵對鳥類來說更加特別。

However, unlike bees, most birds tend to have a pretty poor sense of smell.

不過，與蜜蜂不同，大多數鳥類的嗅覺往往很差。

So whenever a flower is producing smells or compounds that have smells, that takes energy.

是以，每當一朵花產生氣味或具有氣味的化合物時，都需要能量。

So if that smell is being produced to communicate with other organisms, then they're using energy to do that.

是以，如果產生這種氣味是為了與其他生物交流，那麼它們就需要消耗能量來做到這一點。

A flower that is trying to attract a pollinator that's a bird doesn't need to produce a smell, because the bird is going to be using visual cues to locate that flower.

試圖吸引鳥類授粉者的花朵不需要散發氣味，因為鳥類會通過視覺線索來確定花朵的位置。

So producing smell compounds would be a waste, unless it has other pollinators too.

是以，產生氣味化合物是一種浪費，除非它也有其他授粉者。

So if it's also trying to attract bees and butterflies, then it might produce a smell.

是以，如果它還想吸引蜜蜂和蝴蝶，那麼它可能會產生一種氣味。

So just because a flower has a smell and also is red and pink doesn't mean it's not pollinated by birds.

是以，一朵花有氣味，也是紅色和粉色的，並不意味著它不是由鳥類授粉的。

It just means it might have multiple pollinators or potentially is butterfly pollinated, which caveat, I'm not going to talk about butterfly pollination because it overlaps with both bees and birds.

這隻意味著它可能有多個授粉者，或者有可能是蝴蝶授粉，注意，我不會談論蝴蝶授粉，因為它與蜜蜂和鳥類都有重疊。

So bird-pollinated flowers, we're building our syndrome here.

是以，鳥授粉的花朵，我們正在這裡建立我們的綜合症。

They tend to be red and pink and unscented.

它們往往是紅色和粉紅色的，沒有香味。

Here we can see some examples of hummingbirds pollinating flowers.

在這裡，我們可以看到蜂鳥為花朵授粉的一些例子。

In the top left, that's a fuchsia.

左上方是紫紅色。

That's my favorite example of a bird-pollinated flower because it is bright red with pinks and purples.

這是我最喜歡的鳥授粉花朵，因為它是鮮紅色，並帶有粉色和紫色。

It's pendant, so that dangling kind of shape allows it to be more specialized for hummingbirds, which can hover.

它是懸掛式的，是以懸垂的形狀更適合蜂鳥，因為蜂鳥可以在空中盤旋。

Other animals that might be in there trying to get at the nectar that that flower is producing, this high value resource, might not be able to get into that pendant flower or to get to it.

其他可能在那裡試圖獲取花蜜的動物，這種高價值的資源，可能無法進入垂花或接近它。

So it's pendant, it's red and pink, it has some purples in there too, and it doesn't smell like anything.

所以它是垂墜的，有紅色和粉紅色，還有一些紫色，聞起來沒有任何味道。

So you go up and you smell a fuchsia and you got nothing.

所以，你上去聞了聞紫紅色，什麼也沒聞到。

So all of these flowers have another thing in common.

是以，所有這些花都有另一個共同點。

They are that kind of same part of the color spectrum and they are all this tubular shape, right?

它們在色譜中屬於相同的部分，而且都是管狀的，對嗎？

There are these long tubes and you can think about why that is when you look at the pollinator who's pollinating them.

當你看到為它們授粉的授粉者時，你就會明白為什麼會有這麼長的管子。

They have these long beaks with a tongue, right, that they can then stick even further in.

它們有長長的喙和舌頭，對吧，它們可以把舌頭伸得更長。

So having this long tube allows the flowers to sort of protect and sequester that nectar resource deep within the flower to try to allow fewer non-pollinating organisms to be able to get to it.

是以，有了這種長管，花朵就能在花朵深處保護和封存花蜜資源，儘量讓更少的非授粉生物能夠獲取花蜜。

Red and pink flowers, unscented, with a tubular shape.

紅色和粉色花朵，無香味，呈管狀。

These are general characteristics that we associate with bird pollination.

這些都是鳥類授粉的一般特徵。

For a reward, there's gonna be a lot of nectar.

作為獎勵，這裡會有很多花蜜。

Not all flowers will have nectar as a reward, but if you want to have a bird visit your flower, birds aren't trying to get the pollen.

並不是所有的花都有花蜜作為獎勵，但如果你想讓鳥兒光顧你的花，鳥兒並不是為了獲取花粉。

The pollination is a kind of accidental step for most of them.

對它們中的大多數來說，授粉只是一個偶然的步驟。

So they'll get the pollen dusted on the top of their head.

這樣，他們的頭頂就會沾上花粉。

So if we have one of those tubular flowers, it will then have the anthers stick out here and the stigma might be even further out there.

是以，如果我們有一朵管狀花，它的花葯就會伸出來，柱頭可能會在更遠的地方。

So if a bird comes in, oh gosh, I'm gonna try to draw a bird here.

所以，如果有隻鳥飛進來，天哪，我就要試著在這裡畫一隻鳥。

You know, a bird with this little dart shape is gonna come in to try to get at the nectar, which is down here deep in the flower, is going to put its bill down here, maybe put its little tongue out, try to get at that nectar, and it will hopefully have already visited another flower of the same type because they're specialized for this bird.

你知道，有這種小飛鏢形狀的鳥會飛過來試圖採花蜜，花蜜就在花的深處，它會把喙伸到這裡，也許會伸出小舌頭，試圖採花蜜，而且希望它已經去過另一朵同類型的花，因為這些花對這種鳥來說很特別。

And it'll have pollen on its head that will then get picked up by the stigma.

它頭上的花粉會被柱頭吸收。

Then as it goes deeper into the flower to get that nectar, it's already passed by and dropped off pollen here.

當它深入花朵採蜜時，花粉已經從這裡飄落。

Then it puts its head deeper in to get more of that nectar resource.

然後，它把頭伸得更深，以獲取更多的花蜜資源。

And then this anther is going to deposit more pollen on the top of its head that it can then deliver to another flower.

然後，這個花葯會在它的頭頂上沉積更多的花粉，然後再把這些花粉傳遞給另一朵花。

So that tubular shape also helps get the pollen deposited on the pollinator.

是以，這種管狀的形狀也有助於花粉沉積在授粉器上。

Now let's look at bat pollination.

現在我們來看看蝙蝠授粉。

In our area, bats are mostly insectivorous.

在我們這裡，蝙蝠主要以昆蟲為食。

They're not necessarily going to be pollinating a lot of the flowers.

它們不一定會給很多花朵授粉。

But if we were to go into a more tropical area or even to the Southwest, we would see bats become a more prominent pollinator in those areas.

但是，如果我們去熱帶地區，甚至西南地區，我們就會看到蝙蝠成為這些地區更重要的授粉者。

Here is an adorable bat doing a pollination service, just loving on this flower.

這是一隻可愛的蝙蝠在為花朵授粉，它對這朵花愛不釋手。

So bats are out at night.

所以，蝙蝠晚上都出來活動。

They tend to like white flowers because white is going to be the most reflective surface at night.

它們往往喜歡白色的花朵，因為白色在夜間是最容易反光的表面。

It reflects the largest kind of span of wavelengths.

它反射的波長跨度最大。

So it's reflecting all colors of light.

是以，它能反射各種顏色的光線。

And so we get the most light reflectance off those white flowers.

這樣，我們就能從這些白色花朵上獲得最多的光反射。

Which will be ideal for nighttime because there's very low light.

這將是夜間的理想選擇，因為光線非常暗。

The reward will be lots of nectar.

收穫的將是大量的花蜜。

So much like birds, we are trying to draw those bats in for that food resource.

是以，就像鳥類一樣，我們也在努力吸引這些蝙蝠來獲取食物資源。

And then they become these sort of accidental pollinators by getting pollen all over their bodies.

然後它們就成了意外的授粉者，身上沾滿了花粉。

If you're going to go for a night pollination or a night pollinator, then you have to be open at night.

如果要進行夜間授粉或夜間授粉，就必須在夜間開放。

So some flowers will close during the day.

是以，有些花朵會在白天閉合。

Like daisies got their name, as far as I know, from opening during the day and looking like an eye.

據我所知，雛菊的名字就來自於它白天睜開的眼睛。

So a day's eye.

就這樣，一天的時間就過去了。

Those little white ones that grow in your yard.

那些長在你家院子裡的白色小傢伙。

You'll see in the morning and evening, they have closed and they stay closed overnight and then open during the day because they're pollinated by bees.

你會看到，在早晨和傍晚，它們已經閉合，並在一夜之間保持閉合，然後在白天開放，因為它們是由蜜蜂授粉的。

So they want to be open during the day.

是以，他們希望在白天營業。

Flowers that are pollinated by bats would be open at night.

由蝙蝠授粉的花朵會在夜間開放。

And they might specifically open at night and only at night so that they didn't leave that nectar resource out to other organisms during the day.

它們可能專門在晚上開放，而且只在晚上開放，這樣它們就不會在白天把花蜜資源留給其他生物。

Bat pollinated flowers will also have a strong smell.

蝙蝠授粉的花朵也會有強烈的氣味。

So a musky smell is just a strong smell.

是以，麝香味就是一種強烈的氣味。

Usually it can be really fruity, maybe even a little grossly fruity or more animalistic.

通常情況下，它可以是真正的果味，甚至可能有點嚴重的果味或更多的動物味。

But many of these bats might be eating fruits as well.

不過，許多蝙蝠可能也在吃水果。

So they might be out in search of fruit.

所以，它們可能是出來尋找水果的。

So musky smell is a little bit vague.

所以麝香的味道有點模糊。

It's hard to describe, but it's a strong smell and often it's got a sweetness to it.

很難描述，但這是一種強烈的氣味，通常帶有甜味。

So here are some bats and bat pollinated flowers.

是以，這裡有一些蝙蝠和蝙蝠授粉的花朵。

I love this one in the corner, just covered in pollen with its little hairy body.

我喜歡角落裡的這隻，它的身上長滿了花粉和小毛。

So bat pollinated flowers tend to be light in color so that they can be really reflective.

是以，蝙蝠授粉的花朵往往顏色較淺，這樣才能真正反光。

Here we have some white flowers with some green to them.

這裡有一些白色的花朵，花朵上還有一些綠色。

They also want to get that pollen out there so that when a bat comes in and visits that flower, the first thing that happens to it is it gets covered in pollen.

它們還想把花粉傳播出去，這樣當蝙蝠來到花叢中時，它首先就會被花粉覆蓋。

So we tend to have these large anthers sticking out.

是以，我們往往會把這些大花葯伸出來。

We've even lost a lot of the other floral parts here.

我們甚至失去了很多其他的花卉部分。

We're attracting them with these kind of an inflorescence or a flower that's almost entirely made up of anthers.

我們用這種花序或幾乎完全由花葯組成的花來吸引它們。

And we have the same thing going on here where our anthers are really extruding out there to be the first thing that gets in contact with that bat.

我們這裡也有同樣的情況，我們的花葯會擠出來，成為最先接觸到蝙蝠的東西。

And then the stigma would be here to also hopefully pick up pollen from the bat as it comes in.

然後，柱頭也會在蝙蝠飛來時撿拾花粉。

Here we see a bat visiting this almost kind of tubular shaped flower.

在這裡，我們看到一隻蝙蝠正在觀賞這種近似管狀的花朵。

It's big and open, unlike something that would be pollinated by a bird that would be a more narrow tube.

它又大又開闊，不像鳥類授粉的東西會是一個更狹窄的管子。

You might also see these kind of like large flat flowers.

你可能還會看到這些像大扁花一樣的花朵。

I think this one's on a saguaro cactus.

我想這是在薩瓜羅仙人掌上。

So we have the nectar resource, which would be deep in here.

是以，我們有花蜜資源，它就在這裡的深處。

And so the bat can kind of land a little bit, grab on and then dip its tongue in there to try to get to the nectar and then get its little face covered in all this pollen.

這樣，蝙蝠就能稍微著陸，抓住花粉，然後把舌頭伸進去，試圖採到花蜜，然後把小臉蛋沾滿花粉。

Like this one here.

就像這裡的這個。