Name: 隱藏在眾目睽睽之下的非法航運貿易 (The Illicit Shipping Trade Hiding in Plain Sight)
Uploaded: 2024-12-15T21:01:10.000Z
Duration: 14 min 41 s

分詞構句

On the edge of one of the world's busiest shipping corridors sits an armada of tankers trading in billions of dollars worth of sanctioned oil.

在世界最繁忙的航運走廊之一的邊緣，坐落著一支油輪艦隊，從事著價值數十億美元的制裁石油貿易。

We have found what we believe to be the largest cluster of dark fleet vessels anywhere in the world.

我們發現了我們認為是世界上最大的黑暗艦隊船隻群。

We've just come into the beginning of the cluster.

我們剛剛進入集群的起始階段。

All around you can see oil tankers out of range of law enforcement.

四周都是執法人員射程之外的油輪。

Many of these ships gathered here in the South China Sea east of the Malaysian peninsula are part of what's known as the dark fleet, a network of ageing vessels that often operate without insurance and hide their location to move sanctioned oil.

這些聚集在馬來西亞半島以東南中國海的船隻中，有許多是所謂的 "黑暗艦隊 "的一部分，這是一個由老化船隻組成的網絡，它們通常在沒有保險的情況下營運，並隱藏自己的位置，以運送被準許的石油。

Extensive research, data analysis and eyewitness accounts lay bare the workings of an Asian maritime hub that helps hundreds of millions of barrels of illicit oil move east despite the risks.

廣泛的研究、數據分析和目擊者的描述揭示了這個亞洲海上樞紐的運作，它幫助數以億桶計的非法石油不顧風險地向東運輸。

It was about trying to establish how big this phenomenon is, how big this problem is and therefore how big the risks are.

這是為了確定這一現象有多大，問題有多大，是以風險有多大。

In 2023, a major accident occurred involving a dark fleet tanker.

2023 年，黑暗艦隊的一艘油輪發生了重大事故。

The Pablo was a tanker that was coming back from China.

巴勃羅號是一艘從中國返回的油輪。

When we later looked at the satellite images of the Pablo, we could see that the deck was basically burned through.

當我們後來查看巴勃羅號的衛星影像時，我們可以看到甲板基本上被燒穿了。

Three of the crew were lost, so it's a reminder that there is a very real human cost here.

三名船員喪生，這提醒我們，人類在這裡付出了巨大的代價。

The Pablo had been operating for 25 years, far longer than the average life of a legitimate tanker.

巴勃羅號已經運行了 25 年，遠遠超過了合法油輪的平均壽命。

It had no known insurer, meaning it lay stranded in the ocean for many months until Malaysia ultimately bore much of the recovery costs.

它沒有已知的承保人，這意味著它在海洋中擱淺了許多個月，直到馬來西亞最終承擔了大部分打撈費用。

Old ships are no longer scrapped at the rates that they used to be and they're in fact now used in the dark fleet by companies and organizations that are willing to break the rules.

舊船的報廢率不再像以前那樣高，事實上，它們現在被那些願意破壞規則的公司和組織用於黑暗艦隊。

In the past, the international group was insuring almost 95 plus percent of all the ships in the world.

過去，該國際集團幾乎為全球 95% 以上的船舶提供保險。

Now they're insuring about 80, 85 percent and that's dangerous.

現在，他們的投保率約為 80%、85%，這很危險。

The shadow fleet consists of very old ships.

影子艦隊由非常老舊的船隻組成。

The Pablo was just one of many dark fleet vessels that transit through the waters east of Malaysia, some of the busiest on earth.

巴勃羅號只是在馬來西亞以東水域過境的眾多黑暗船隊船隻之一，那裡是地球上最繁忙的水域之一。

What we see here in Singapore is highly regulated.

我們在新加坡看到的是高度管制。

Hundreds of ships are passing here on a daily basis, up to 70,000 per year.

每天有數百艘船隻經過這裡，每年多達 7 萬艘。

But just nearby here, there are other places that ships go where it's less well regulated.

但就在這附近，還有其他一些地方的船舶管理較松。

We became aware of this flotilla in the end of 2023.

我們是在 2023 年底發現這支船隊的。

It was the size and the scale of the flotilla that kind of caught our attention.

船隊的大小和規模引起了我們的注意。

Importantly, it's outside territorial waters and in an area where countries have much more limited enforcement rights.

重要的是，這是在領海之外，而且是在各國執法權更為有限的地區。

Positioned midway between the oil exporters in the Persian Gulf and oil consumers like

位於波斯灣石油出口國和石油消費國（如

China, it's an ideal spot for ships from east and west to converge.

中國是東西方船隻彙集的理想地點。

Typically calm waters make transfers easier.

通常情況下，平靜的水域更便於轉運。

We've been following sanctioned oil for quite a long time and tracking that, we found that not only had that cluster grown, but also the number of ship to ship transfers, so these are transfers of oil done at sea, that number had increased steadily.

我們跟蹤制裁石油已經有相當長的時間，我們發現，不僅制裁石油集群在增長，而且船對船的轉移數量也在增長，是以，這些都是在海上進行的石油轉移，數量也在穩步增長。

The trade in oil subject to US sanctions has surged since 2022, fuelled by curbs on Russian exports, as well as restrictions reimposed on Iranian crude in 2018.

受美國製裁的石油貿易自 2022 年以來激增，俄羅斯出口受限以及 2018 年對伊朗原油重新實施的限制都起到了推波助瀾的作用。

A day before I got to office, everybody was saying Iran would be taking over the Middle

在我上任的前一天，所有人都在說伊朗將接管中東。

Not all the oil in this cluster and moving around this area is Iranian, but the vast majority is.

並不是這個油田群和在這個地區流動的所有石油都是伊朗的，但絕大多數是伊朗的。

Because of US sanctions on Iran, Iran really needs to sell its oil and really needs the revenue that comes from these sales.

由於美國對伊朗的制裁，伊朗確實需要出售石油，也確實需要從這些銷售中獲得收入。

Iran sells 90 plus percent of its oil to China, and in particular to private refiners in China.

伊朗 90% 以上的石油銷往中國，尤其是中國的私營煉油廠。

In order to stay competitive, the Chinese refiners of course would like to procure the cheapest crude they can find.

為了保持競爭力，中國煉油廠當然希望採購到最便宜的原油。

And oftentimes the cheapest crude would be the ones that are restricted.

而最便宜的原油往往是那些受限制的原油。

It is a known truth in the maritime circles, in shipping circles, that this cluster exists.

在海事界、航運界，這個集群的存在是眾所周知的事實。

But I think what we were trying to do was really to put some scale around it.

但我認為，我們所要做的，其實是在它周圍設置一些規模。

We've made our way out here today to try and take a closer look at just exactly how big this group of tankers, how big they are.

今天，我們來到這裡，試圖近距離觀察這群油輪到底有多大，它們有多大。

We're just going past Malaysia now, and then it's going to take us quite a few more hours to reach the point that we're after, which is where we saw a ship-to-ship transfer taking place yesterday on the satellite.

我們現在正經過馬來西亞，然後還需要幾個小時才能到達我們要去的地方，也就是我們昨天在衛星上看到進行船對船轉移的地方。

Just to be clear, a ship-to-ship transfer is not necessarily illegal.

需要說明的是，船對船的轉讓並不一定是非法的。

However, if it is done as it is here in outer waters, there are certainly some questions.

但是，如果按照外海的做法，肯定會有一些問題。

We'd really like to find a couple of vessels that are, I would say, emblematic of the Dark Fleet.

我們真的很想找到幾艘能代表黑暗艦隊的船隻。

We should have maybe three, four vessels of interest here, around here.

我們這裡應該有三、四艘感興趣的船隻，就在附近。

This is the start of the cluster, so this will be the busiest part.

這是群集的起點，是以這將是最繁忙的部分。

The Iranians are somewhere here, but we have to basically be lucky enough to find them.

伊朗人就在這裡的某個地方，但我們基本上必須足夠幸運才能找到他們。

When we started this project, we were looking at AIS data mainly, and then we realised that

當我們開始這個項目時，我們主要研究的是 AIS 數據，後來我們意識到

AIS is kind of not good enough, because a lot of these tankers, they don't want to be scrutinised, they don't want to be seen.

自動識別系統還不夠好，因為很多油輪不想被檢查，不想被看到。

They switch off their AISs for weeks on end, so over time, we started to overlay satellite data.

他們連續數週關閉自動識別系統，是以隨著時間的推移，我們開始疊加衛星數據。

What the satellite has enabled us to do is really examine the cluster, and we're able to, within that, count the number of ship-to-ship transfers that are happening.

這顆衛星使我們能夠真正地對集群進行檢查，並在此範圍內計算正在發生的船對船轉移的數量。

These are very distinctive shapes, extremely visible against the water.

這些形狀非常獨特，在水面上極為明顯。

Using almost five years of satellite imagery, Bloomberg News built an algorithm to detect all the instances where vessels adopted the distinctive ship-to-ship position.

彭博新聞社利用近五年的衛星影像，建立了一種算法來檢測船隻採用獨特的船對船位置的所有情況。

We've been able to show that that trade has been consistently increasing, which is something that I think the industry intuitively knew but couldn't really prove.

我們已經能夠證明這種貿易一直在持續增長，我認為這是業界直覺上知道但無法真正證明的事情。

Of all the ships passing through the area in 2020, 5% were involved in ship-to-ship transfer.

在 2020 年通過該地區的所有船隻中，5% 涉及船對船的轉運。

Between January and October 2024, this has risen to 10.3%.

在 2024 年 1 月至 10 月期間，這一比例上升到 10.3%。

The data suggests some 350 million barrels of oil changed hands here in the first nine months of 2024.

數據顯示，2024 年前九個月，約有 3.5 億桶石油在這裡易手。

Of the three, the one on the left is a tanker, I think.

在這三輛車中，我認為左邊那輛是油罐車。

There's just so much traffic, you forget how much actually goes through these waters.

這裡的交通量太大了，你會忘記有多少車輛真正通過這些水域。

Oh, there is, there is. There, there, there.

哦，有的，有的。那裡，那裡，那裡

We found two dark fleet vessels doing a ship-to-ship transfer, two super tankers.

我們發現兩艘黑暗艦隊的船隻正在進行船對船的轉運，這是兩艘超級油輪。

It's Winwin and Titan, so two vessels that are known to us and on our list.

是 Winwin 號和 Titan 號，這兩艘船我們都知道，也在我們的名單上。

When we looked at the map earlier this morning, these vessels were not here.

今早我們看地圖時，這些船隻並不在這裡。

So it's likely that they have their AIS transponders off, which again is fairly typical for dark fleet vessels.

是以，它們很可能關閉了 AIS 應答器，這也是黑暗艦隊船隻的典型特徵。

The Titan and the Winwin display every characteristic of the dark fleet.

泰坦號和 Winwin 號展現了黑暗艦隊的所有特徵。

The Titan is known to have transported Iranian oil, while the Winwin's sporadic signalling draws an impossibly linear journey from China to the South China Sea.

眾所周知，"泰坦 "號曾運送過伊朗石油，而 "溫雲 "號的零星信號則勾勒出從中國到南中國海的不可能的直線行程。

It's really interesting, as we come round the side, you can actually see the cables connecting them both, and the pipes that will transfer the crude over, and you can see that right through the middle of the vessels.

非常有趣的是，當我們繞到側面時，你可以看到連接它們的電纜，以及將原油輸送過來的管道，你可以看到這些管道從船隻中間穿過。

See, there's some protection to prevent them from crashing.

看，有一些保護措施可以防止它們崩潰。

In a ship-to-ship transfer, a number of safety precautions are in place to guard against accidents.

在船對船的轉運過程中，有一系列安全預防措施來防止事故發生。

You're supposed to have somebody on the vessel who is in charge of safety and of overseeing the ship-to-ship transfer.

船上應該有人負責安全和監督船與船之間的轉運。

We don't know, of course, whether these were in place, but we certainly have some questions.

當然，我們不知道這些措施是否到位，但我們肯定會有一些疑問。

You know, you can see clearly, Titan is a very, very old boat.

你可以清楚地看到，泰坦號是一艘非常非常古老的船。

它已經有 20 多年的歷史了，看看它。

字幕列表影片播放

隱藏在眾目睽睽之下的非法航運貿易 (The Illicit Shipping Trade Hiding in Plain Sight)

basically

scale

completely

revenue