It's just recently been legalized in Germany, and for very good reasons.

德國最近剛剛將其合法化，而且理由非常充分。

Compared to legal drugs like alcohol, which will cause 1 in 20 deaths just this year, cannabis is pretty mild.

與酒精等合法藥物相比（酒精今年就會導致每 20 人中有 1 人死亡），大麻是相當溫和的。

So to justify harsh prosecution and punishment, its negative effects have been wildly overstated.

是以，為了證明嚴厲起訴和懲罰是合理的，其負面影響被嚴重誇大了。

Naturally, there was a lot of pushback, and here something went wrong.

這自然引起了很多人的反感，於是就出了問題。

If you've followed the discourse over the last few years, you might have got the impression that weed has almost only upsides and few, if any, negative side effects.

如果你在過去幾年裡關注過相關討論，你可能會有這樣的印象：大麻幾乎只有好處，幾乎沒有任何負面影響。

We ourselves contributed to that narrative.

我們自己也為這種說法做出了貢獻。

What made this worse is that criminalization made it very hard for scientists to study cannabis, especially its long-term effects.

更糟糕的是，定罪使得科學家很難研究大麻，尤其是大麻的長期影響。

They faced bureaucratic and legal hurdles, and studies often had to rely on small sample sizes.

他們面臨著官僚主義和法律障礙，而且研究往往不得不依賴於小樣本量。

In the last few years, this finally started to change, so it's time to bring new evidence to the discussion.

在過去幾年中，這種情況終於開始發生變化，是以是時候在討論中提出新的證據了。

And, well, it's not pretty.

而且，情況並不樂觀。

While weed is still much less harmful than alcohol, it does have a dark side.

雖然大麻的危害比酒精小得多，但它也有陰暗的一面。

It is more addictive than we thought, and can have significant negative effects if you use it long-term.

它比我們想象的更容易上癮，如果長期使用，會產生嚴重的負面影響。

It seems that, uh, what are you doing?

你在做什麼？

Before you tell us how dumb we are, please watch the video.

在你說我們有多蠢之前，請先看一下視頻。

To be crystal clear, we think prohibition doesn't work and cannabis should be legal, but this also means that we need to treat it as what it is, a drug, with unique upsides and downsides.

明確地說，我們認為禁酒令不起作用，大麻應該合法，但這也意味著我們需要把它當作毒品來對待，它有獨特的優點和缺點。

So let's take an honest look at some of the latest research together.

是以，讓我們一起坦誠地看看一些最新研究。

Weed is getting stronger and stronger.

大麻越來越強。

Cannabis' magic juice is tetrahydrocannabinol, THC.

大麻的神奇成分是四氫大麻酚（THC）。

It docks on your cannabinoid receptors, which affects various brain functions.

它能與大麻素受體對接，從而影響大腦的各種功能。

THC activates some regions and calms down others, creating a fun cocktail of sensations.

四氫大麻酚會激活某些區域，並讓其他區域平靜下來，從而產生一種有趣的雞尾酒感覺。

The more THC, the more intense the high.

四氫大麻酚越多，興奮感就越強烈。

And people seem to be into higher highs, or at least this is what the market is providing.

人們似乎喜歡更高的價位，至少市場提供了這樣的資訊。

In the US, Canada, and in Europe, the concentration of THC in legal and illegal cannabis products has more than doubled in the last few decades.

在美國、加拿大和歐洲，合法和非法大麻產品中四氫大麻酚的濃度在過去幾十年裡增加了一倍多。

While ever more potent strains are bred, products like edibles or concentrates with more than 60% THC have become increasingly common, while the share of products with less than 15% THC has declined.

在培育出更多強效品種的同時，四氫大麻酚含量超過 60% 的食用或濃縮產品也越來越常見，而四氫大麻酚含量低於 15% 的產品所佔比例卻在下降。

Unfortunately, just about every problem weed creates gets worse at higher THC doses.

不幸的是，大麻造成的所有問題都會在四氫大麻酚劑量越高時越嚴重。

At the same time, more and more people use weed.

與此同時，越來越多的人使用大麻。

In the US, more people consumed cannabis daily than alcohol for the first time in 2022.

2022 年，美國每天消費大麻的人數首次超過了酒精。

In Canada, 26% of people 16 and older use it, up from 22% in 2018.

在加拿大，16 歲及以上的人中有 26% 在使用它，高於 2018 年的 22%。

It's not possible to say if legalization is the reason for this, though, since studies are pretty inconsistent and vary massively between different users.

不過，目前還無法斷定合法化是否是造成這種情況的原因，因為研究結果很不一致，而且不同使用者之間的差異也很大。

In some, consumption went up, in others it stayed stable, and the trend to use more weed began in the early 90s and sped up in the 2000s, way earlier than legalization.

在一些國家，消費量上升，在另一些國家，消費量保持穩定，而使用更多大麻的趨勢始於上世紀 90 年代初，並在 2000 年代加速，遠遠早於大麻合法化。

So today, more people consume more weed than ever before in the last century, and it's the strongest it's ever been.

是以，今天消費大麻的人比上個世紀任何時候都多，而且大麻的消費是有史以來最旺盛的。

What are we seeing as a result of this?

我們是以看到了什麼？

Let's start with something that used to get you laughed out of the room, addiction.

讓我們從曾經讓人笑掉大牙的 "上癮 "說起。

Weed addiction and withdrawal symptoms.

大麻成癮和戒斷症狀

A big narrative about weed is that it's not addictive, or at least not that big of a deal.

關於大麻的一個重要說法是，它不會讓人上癮，或者至少沒有那麼嚴重。

And for most people, this is true.

對大多數人來說，這是事實。

Studies clearly show that the majority handle it well.

研究清楚地表明，大多數人都處理得很好。

For 8 out of 10 using weed, it's just a casual high and not problematic at all.

對於每 10 個吸食大麻的人中的 8 個人來說，這只是一種隨意的興奮，根本不會有什麼問題。

About 2 in 10 users develop a cannabis use disorder, or CUD.

大約每 10 個使用者中就有 2 個會患上大麻使用障礙或 CUD。

CUD has 11 different symptoms, from the inability to stop when you've had enough, to using it when you know it will have negative consequences, to tolerance and withdrawal.

CUD 有 11 種不同的症狀，從吸食過量時無法停止，到明知吸食會產生不良後果時仍吸食，再到耐受和戒斷。

They can all basically be reduced to, you're doing it too often, even if it's bad for you, and it's less fun than it could be.

它們基本上都可以歸結為：你做得太頻繁了，即使這對你不好，也沒有那麼有趣。

There are three major risk factors here.

這裡有三大風險因素。

The amount of THC, how often you consume, and your age when you start using cannabis.

四氫大麻酚的含量、吸食頻率以及開始吸食大麻時的年齡。

The more THC, the more often, and the younger you are when you start, the higher your risk.

四氫大麻酚越多，次數越頻繁，開始時年齡越小，風險越高。

If you smoke too much weed too often, it will have negative impacts on your life.

如果你經常吸食過多的大麻，會對你的生活產生負面影響。

So if this is you, toning it down a bit will make a big difference. 1 in 10 users develops a serious addiction.

是以，如果你是這樣的人，那麼稍加節制就會大有不同。每 10 個吸毒者中就有 1 個會嚴重成癮。

They usually consume daily, and their life is significantly impaired or held back because they spend a lot of their time either using or recovering from cannabis use.

他們通常每天都要吸食大麻，而且由於他們將大量時間用於吸食大麻或從吸食大麻中恢復，他們的生活受到嚴重影響或阻礙。

Since their brain is building a tolerance, they need increasingly high doses or stronger weed, often both.

由於他們的大腦產生了耐受性，他們需要越來越大劑量或越來越強效的大麻，往往兩者兼而有之。

Studies found a variety of negative effects.

研究發現了各種負面影響。

Heavy users can experience bad moods, feel irritable, restless, paranoid, anxious, and even depressive.

重度使用者會出現情緒不佳、易怒、煩躁不安、多疑、焦慮甚至抑鬱等症狀。

In a sad twist of irony, for many addicts it feels like they need weed to fight these symptoms.

具有諷刺意味的是，對許多癮君子來說，他們感覺需要用大麻來對抗這些症狀。

Maybe it did actually help at first, while in reality it makes those symptoms stronger and more persistent.

也許一開始確實有幫助，但實際上卻讓這些症狀變得更強烈、更頑固。

Studies also found that loneliness and frequent cannabis use go hand in hand.

研究還發現，孤獨和頻繁吸食大麻是相輔相成的。

If you feel lonely, you're more likely to use weed, and if you use weed, you may experience more loneliness.

如果你感到孤獨，你就更有可能使用大麻，如果你使用大麻，你可能會體驗到更多的孤獨感。

It's not always easy to say which came first, but they seem to reinforce each other.

雖然很難說哪個先出現，但它們似乎相互促進。

So on the one hand, cannabis makes loneliness feel much less bad.

是以，一方面，大麻讓孤獨感大大減少。

On the other hand, it can also make you feel more socially awkward than you actually are, and withdraw from friends.

另一方面，它也會讓你覺得自己在社交方面比實際情況更笨拙，從而遠離朋友。

This can lead to a downward spiral that ends in self-isolation and chronic loneliness.

這可能會導致螺旋式下降，最終導致自我封閉和長期孤獨。

Another thing many people who consume a lot experience is a mental numbness that makes boredom feel okay because it impacts the reward system of your brain.

許多嗜酒如命的人還會經歷另一件事，那就是精神麻木，因為它會影響大腦的獎賞系統，讓人覺得無聊也沒什麼。

Not great, but good enough.

不是很好，但已經夠好了。

You can spend your day's killing time binging mildly interesting stuff.

你可以在一天的消磨時間中玩一些輕微有趣的東西。

Being numb rather than having fun.

麻木而不是快樂

Boredom is a signal to your mind to get creative or learn something new, but this is suppressed.

無聊是向你的大腦發出的信號，讓你發揮創造力或學習新知識，但這一信號卻被壓制了。

This also makes quitting so much harder because your daily routines suddenly seem boring and unexciting, making it very tempting to go back.

這也讓戒菸變得更加困難，因為你的日常生活突然變得枯燥乏味，毫無樂趣可言，這讓你很想回到過去。

If you find yourself using constantly, this can also stunt your development as a person.

如果你發現自己經常使用，這也會阻礙你作為一個人的發展。

The numbness dulls bad feelings, making it easy not to deal with them.

麻木會使不良情緒變得遲鈍，從而很容易不去處理它們。

But in life, you can only get over bad feelings if you actually feel them, and you have to process them to grow.

但在生活中，你只有真正感受到壞情緒，才能克服它們，你必須處理它們，才能成長。

Lastly, let's talk about physical withdrawal symptoms.

最後，讓我們來談談生理戒斷症狀。

The more you consume, the worse they'll be for you, especially if you use daily.

吃得越多，對身體越不好，尤其是每天都吃的話。

Withdrawal can cause headaches and sweating or chills, decreased appetite, in severe cases even fever, nausea and abdominal pain.

戒毒會導致頭痛、出汗或發冷、食慾下降，嚴重時甚至會發燒、噁心和腹痛。

You might have trouble falling asleep, and if you do, you might have disturbing and vivid dreams.

您可能會難以入睡，即使睡著了，也可能會做令人不安的生動的夢。

The withdrawal can put you in a depressive mood where life feels daft and pointless.

戒斷會讓人情緒低落，感覺生活愚蠢而無意義。

You can feel restless, angry, anxious or nervous.

你會感到焦躁不安、憤怒、焦慮或緊張。

You may feel unable to do anything at all.

您可能會覺得什麼都做不了。

After a few days, these symptoms will begin to subside, and after a few weeks, they'll be gone entirely.

幾天後，這些症狀會開始消退，幾周後就會完全消失。

The exact time depends on how much and how long you've been consuming cannabis.

具體時間取決於您吸食大麻的數量和時間。

Now, let's get to the worst part.

現在，讓我們進入最糟糕的部分。

Weed may damage your brain.

大麻可能會損害大腦

This section was not fun to research, because there's fierce debate among researchers how bad weed is for your brain, and whether it has irreversible long-term consequences or not.

這一部分的研究並不有趣，因為研究人員對大麻對大腦的危害有多大，以及大麻是否會造成不可逆轉的長期後果，都存在激烈的爭論。

There's no consensus yet, and it's hard to say anything definitive.

目前還沒有達成共識，很難說有什麼定論。

Having said that, THC directly interferes with critical brain chemistry.

儘管如此，四氫大麻酚會直接干擾大腦的重要化學反應。

There is some evidence that it may alter its structure.

有證據表明，它可能會改變其結構。

If it does, this may go away again if you quit after a few years, or not.

如果是這樣，幾年後戒菸，這種情況可能會消失，也可能不會消失。

We don't know yet.

我們還不知道。

The consequences vary a lot between individuals, but especially for heavy users, they have a variety of potentially unfunny downsides.

其後果因人而異，但特別是對於大量使用者來說，它們可能會帶來各種令人啼笑皆非的弊端。

The most common one is that your memory gets significantly worse.

最常見的情況是記憶力明顯變差。

Sustained heavy use may reduce your ability to learn, your reasoning, perception, attention span, decision making, language abilities, and impulse control.

持續大量使用可能會降低你的學習能力、推理能力、感知能力、注意力、決策能力、語言能力和衝動控制能力。

Most negative effects seem to go away, or at least weaken over time after you quit.

大多數負面影響似乎都會消失，或至少在戒菸後隨著時間的推移而減弱。

But again, we simply don't know enough and need more research.

但是，我們的瞭解還是不夠，還需要更多的研究。

Where the evidence is much clearer is that consuming a lot of weed is really bad for teenagers on multiple levels.

更明確的證據是，大量吸食大麻在多個層面上確實對青少年不利。

If you start using heavily early, you have many more years to build up potentially negative side effects.

如果你很早就開始大量使用，你就有更多的時間來積累潛在的負面副作用。

Teens who use a lot are much more likely to become addicted to weed.

經常使用大麻的青少年更容易對大麻上癮。

This may just be correlation and weed may not be the underlying cause, but heavy weed users are more likely to perform poorly in school and less likely to finish their education.

這也許只是相關性，大麻也許不是根本原因，但大量吸食大麻的人更有可能在學校表現不佳，更不可能完成學業。

They are on average less satisfied with their life and what they've achieved.

平均而言，他們對自己的生活和所取得的成就不太滿意。

This may simply be because if your memory and motivation are stunted, you have fewer interesting experiences and forget the ones you do have.

這可能只是因為如果你的記憶力和積極性受到阻礙，你就會減少有趣的經歷，並忘記你所擁有的經歷。

And there is strong evidence that teen users are way more likely to develop mental health issues like psychosis, schizophrenia, depression, or anxiety later in life.

而且有確鑿證據表明，青少年使用者日後更有可能患上精神病、精神分裂症、抑鬱症或焦慮症等心理健康問題。

Once again, the younger you start, the higher the risk.

同樣，越年輕，風險越高。

And it also seems to rise massively with high THC doses, making highly potent cannabis products even more dangerous for teens.

而且隨著四氫大麻酚劑量的增加，它的濃度似乎也會大幅上升，這使得高濃度大麻產品對青少年來說更加危險。

Okay, let's wrap this up.

好了，我們來總結一下。

We've only focused on the negative sides in this video.

在這段視頻中，我們只關注了消極的一面。

That was the whole point.

這就是關鍵所在。

As we said before, for most people, weed in moderation is totally fine and definitely way less harmful than alcohol.

正如我們之前所說，對大多數人來說，適量吸食大麻完全沒有問題，而且絕對比酒精的危害要小得多。

You do you, we're not your parents.

你做你的，我們又不是你父母。

The upside of moderation is also that when you do it, your experience will be more intense and special.

適度的好處還在於，當你這樣做時，你的體驗會更加強烈和特別。

But for teens, weed, especially using it regularly or a lot of it, is a bad idea with potentially life-changing consequences.

但對青少年來說，大麻，尤其是經常或大量使用大麻，是一個可能會改變人生的壞主意。

We know that criminalization did nothing to make this better.

我們知道，定罪並不能使情況好轉。

We now have a new chance under legalization.

我們現在有了合法化的新機會。

It begins with being open and honest about the state of science and acknowledging that weed is one drug among many others.

首先要對科學現狀開誠佈公，承認大麻只是眾多毒品中的一種。

Certainly not the worst one by a long shot, but also problematic for at least 1 to 3 out of 10 people using it.

當然，這還不是最糟糕的，但在 10 個使用它的人中，至少有 1 到 3 個會遇到問題。

If you really have to try cannabis, there is a time and place, and that's in your 20s.

如果你真的要嘗試大麻，也有個時間和地點，那就是在你 20 多歲的時候。

If you're younger, the science is clear, don't do it.

如果你還年輕，科學很清楚，不要這麼做。

At least, not yet.

至少現在還沒有。

You'll have plenty of time to experiment later.

你以後有的是時間做實驗。

Let's do a different experiment now.

現在我們來做一個不同的實驗。

With the help of today's sponsor Odoo, a business management software, you can do the first step of starting a new business in 3 minutes.

在今天的贊助商 Odoo（一款企業管理軟件）的幫助下，您可以在 3 分鐘內完成創業的第一步。

Don't believe me?

不相信我？

I bet you 5 ducks, and you and I will do it together.

我跟你賭五隻鴨子，你和我一起做。

You can try Odoo for free by clicking this button here.

點擊此處按鈕，即可免費試用 Odoo。

The first application stays free forever with unlimited hosting and support.

第一個應用程序永久免費，提供無限託管和支持。

Let's select the website application to ensure our online presence.

讓我們選擇網站應用程序，確保我們的在線形象。

Then you just follow the website configurator in 4 easy steps.

然後，您只需按照網站配置器中的 4 個簡單步驟操作即可。

First, what kind of website do you want to create?

首先，您想創建一個什麼樣的網站？

It could be a business website, a blog, an event website.

它可以是一個商業網站、博客或活動網站。

I'll put down learning platform, because why not?

我將放下學習平臺，因為為什麼不呢？

Next, what kind of business or project do you have, and what's your goal?

接下來，您有什麼樣的業務或項目，您的目標是什麼？

I'd say science edutainment.

我會說是科學寓教於樂。

Step 2 is my favorite, what colors do you like?

我最喜歡第二步，你喜歡什麼顏色？

Or simply upload your logo and an AI will suggest a matching color palette.

或者只需上傳您的徽標，人工智能就會為您推薦匹配的色調。

In step 3, you pick the different pages you need right now.

在第 3 步中，您可以選擇現在需要的不同頁面。

In step 4, you just choose a template for your website.

在第 4 步，您只需為網站選擇一個模板。

That's it.

就是這樣。

You did the first big step.

你邁出了一大步。

You owe me 5 ducks, and you're ready to start your business.

你欠我五隻鴨子，你準備好開始你的生意了。

But Odoo offers so much more.

但 Odoo 提供的功能遠不止這些。

Applications such as accounting, project management, HR, all the needs of your business centralized on one single platform.

會計、項目管理、人力資源等應用程序，將企業的所有需求集中在一個平臺上。

You can focus on your project while Odoo improves productivity and adapts along with your needs and demands.

您可以專注於您的項目，而 Odoo 可提高生產力，並根據您的需要和要求進行調整。

The most impact you can have on your dream within 3 minutes.

3 分鐘內對夢想產生最大影響。

Just try it out.

試試吧

Our latest drop collection has arrived.

我們最新的水滴系列已經到貨。

Order now, just in time for the holidays.

現在訂購，正好趕上假期。

We here at Kurzgesagt are known to cause some light existential dread from time to time.

眾所周知，我們 Kurzgesagt 時不時會引起一些輕微的生存恐懼。

But the truth is, we actually do it to inspire you.

但事實上，我們這樣做是為了激勵你們。

So we designed these products to do both.

是以，我們在設計這些產品時就考慮到了這兩點。

The universe can sometimes feel like a cold and foreign place.

宇宙有時讓人感覺冰冷而陌生。

But that's not true.

但事實並非如此。

The universe is our home.

宇宙是我們的家園

This knit sweater will keep you warm and cozy while reminding you that you're just as much a part of the universe as a black hole or a neutron star.

這件針織毛衣將讓你感到溫暖舒適，同時提醒你，你和黑洞或中子星一樣，都是宇宙的一部分。

Dread and awe are actually two sides of the same coin.

恐懼和敬畏其實是一枚硬幣的兩面。

Or scarf.

或圍巾。

Wear this super soft scarf on cold winter walks and bring some light into the dark season.

在寒冷的冬季散步時，戴上這條超級柔軟的圍巾，為黑暗的季節帶來些許光明。

And at the core of this lineup is the optimistic nailist t-shirt.

而這個陣容的核心就是樂觀的釘子戶 T 恤。

It represents nothing less than the philosophy of Kurzgesagt.

它所代表的正是 Kurzgesagt 哲學。

You may only get one shot at life, which is scary.

人生可能只有一次機會，這很可怕。

But it also sets you free to do what truly makes you happy in life.

但它也讓你自由地去做真正讓你快樂的事情。

We also create other truly special products in our studio.

我們還在工作室製作其他真正特別的產品。

Like the new edition of our human era calendar.

比如我們新版的人類時代日曆。

In 12,025, we'll follow humanity's greatest journey that took our ancestors from East Africa all across the planet.

在 12025 期節目中，我們將追隨人類最偉大的旅程，我們的祖先從東非出發，穿越整個地球。

We spent a lot of time bringing these adventures to life, crafting epic illustrations worthy of representing this integral part of our shared history.

我們花了很多時間將這些探險變為現實，精心製作史詩般的插圖，以表現我們共同歷史中這一不可或缺的部分。

Add a brand new weekly desk planner to be extra prepared for the next year and this gift-giving season.

添加一個全新的每週桌面計劃表，為來年和這個送禮季做好充分準備。

Every single product you buy supports everything we do on this channel and enables us to release our videos for free for everyone.

您購買的每一件產品都會支持我們在這個頻道上所做的一切，並使我們能夠免費向所有人發佈我們的視頻。

Thank you so much for your support.

非常感謝你們的支持。

Kurzgesagt would not exist without you. you

沒有你，就沒有 Kurzgesagt。