consistency.

一致性。

Now, the moment your brain holds two contradicting ideas, you experience distress.

現在，當你的大腦持有兩個相互矛盾的想法時，你就會體驗到苦惱。

Your mind often resolves this problem, by tweaking the ideas until they become consistent

你的頭腦經常解決這個問題，通過調整想法直到它們變得一致。

with the other stories you tell yourself to be true.

與你告訴自己的其他故事都是真實的。

Meat eaters for example who are confronted with new information of how their dinner came

例如，吃肉的人在面對他們的晚餐是如何來的新資訊時

about can either eat less meat, deploy strategies to cope with the new information, such as

關於可以少吃肉，部署戰略來應對新的資訊，如

denial, or do a little bit of both.

否認，或者兩者都做一點。

If two conflicting ideas are deeply ingrained in our identity, the mental imbalance can

如果兩種相互衝突的觀念在我們的身份中根深蒂固，那麼心理上的不平衡會導致

become overwhelming and intoxicate our thoughts — and as a result we may believe even the

成為壓倒性的，並使我們的思想陶醉--結果我們可能相信甚至是

most absurd conspiracy theories.

最荒唐的陰謀論。

To keep our sanity, it helps to learn about this phenomenon, known as cognitive dissonance.

為了保持我們的理智，瞭解這種被稱為認知失調的現象是有幫助的。

After a severe earthquake in India, rumors circulated among people who felt the shock

印度發生嚴重地震後，在感到震驚的人們中流傳著一些謠言

but sustained no damage, about an even worse disaster that was supposed to strike.

但沒有受到任何損害，關於一個更糟糕的災難應該會發生。

However, no disaster followed, and psychologists began to wonder why such rumors sprang into

然而，隨後並沒有發生災難，心理學家們開始懷疑為什麼會有這樣的謠言湧現出來。

existence — it seemed counterintuitive that people would share and believe fear-provoking

恐懼的存在--人們會分享和相信令人恐懼的 "恐懼"，這似乎是反直覺的。

stories during such a difficult time.

在這樣一個困難的時期，他們的故事。

Nearly 20 years passed before Leon Festinger, a young psychologist, had a plausible theory

近20年過去了，年輕的心理學家Leon Festinger才有了一個合理的理論

: The rumors were not “fear-provoking” but instead "fear-justifying."

:謠言不是 "引起恐懼"，而是 "證明恐懼"。

The argument: if we feel afraid and safe at the same time, we invent explanations to reduce

論點：如果我們同時感到害怕和安全，我們就會發明解釋來減少

such conflicting states of mind.

這種矛盾的心態。

Festing called this mental imbalance “cognitive dissonance”.

費斯廷將這種心理失衡稱為 "認知失調"。

Cognitive dissonance is based on the idea that when two ideas are psychologically not

認知失調是基於這樣的想法：當兩種想法在心理上不

consistent with each other, we change them and make them consistent.

彼此一致，我們就改變它們，使它們一致。

Festinger then examined whether a cognitive dissonance can be strong enough to believe

然後，費斯汀格研究了認知失調是否可以強到相信

in conspiracy theories even after they are proven wrong.

在陰謀論中，即使它們被證明是錯誤的。

To do so, two colleagues and Festinger, joined a small apocalyptic cult led by Dorothy Martin,

為此，兩位同事和費斯汀格，加入了一個由多蘿西-馬丁上司的小型世界末日邪教。

a suburban housewife.

一個郊區的家庭主婦。

Martin claimed to receive messages from superior beings from another planet called 'Clarion'.

馬丁聲稱收到了來自另一個名為 "Clarion "的星球的高級生物的資訊。

The messages purportedly said that a flood would destroy the world on December 21, 1954.

據稱這些資訊說，一場洪水將在1954年12月21日摧毀世界。

The psychologists observed that many members quit their jobs and let go of their possessions

心理學家觀察到，許多成員辭去了工作，放下了他們的財產。

in preparation for the end of the world.

以便為世界末日做準備。

When the day came and passed peacefully, Martin claimed that the world had been spared because

當這一天到來並平靜地過去時，馬丁聲稱，世界得以倖免，因為

of the "force of good” that the members had spread.

的成員所傳播的 "善的力量"。

To cope with this situation and the heavy cognitive dissonance it produced, the psychologists

為了應對這種情況及其產生的嚴重認知失調，心理學家們

hypothesized that the members had two options:

假設成員有兩種選擇。

They could either change their situations, and let go of the beliefs and actions that

他們可以改變自己的境況，並放棄那些影響他們的信念和行動。

formed the identity of their former self…

形成了他們以前的身份......

…or they could embrace new beliefs to stay in the cult and protect the image they have

...或者他們可以接受新的信仰，以保持在邪教中，保護他們的形象

formed of themselves.

形成自己的。

And that's exactly what happened.

而這正是所發生的事情。

Some members faced the facts and left the cult to regain their sanity, while others

一些成員面對事實，離開了邪教，恢復了理智，而另一些成員則

believed Martin's story to keep their threatened worldview alive.

相信馬丁的故事，以保持他們受威脅的世界觀。

In their assessment, the psychologist concluded that 3 conditions made it especially hard

在他們的評估中，心理學家得出的結論是，有3個條件使其特別困難

for members to quit:

為成員退出。

1.

1.

If the members had deep convictions that were relevant to their everyday routines.

如果成員有深刻的信念，與他們的日常工作相關。

2.

2.

If they had done things that were difficult to undo.

如果他們做了難以挽回的事情。

3.

3.

If they received social support from other believers.

如果他們得到其他信徒的社會支持。

Leon Festinger later wrote.“A man with a conviction is a hard man to change.

萊昂-費斯汀格後來寫道："一個有信念的人是很難改變的。

Tell him you disagree and he turns away.

告訴他你不同意，他就轉身離開。

Show him facts and he questions your sources.

給他看事實，他就質疑你的來源。

Appeal to logic and he fails to see your point.”

訴諸於邏輯，他沒有看到你的觀點"。

What are your thoughts?

你有什麼想法？

Do you have an idea how we can change ours and other people's minds?

你知道我們如何能改變我們和其他人的想法嗎？

If reason falls on deaf ears, can experience maybe do the trick?

如果理由被置若罔聞，經驗也許能起到作用？

Share your thoughts and experience with cognitive dissonance in the comments below!

在下面的評論中分享你對認知失調的想法和經驗!

This and all other Sprouts' videos are licensed under the Creative Commons.

本視頻和所有其他Sprouts的視頻都在創作共用協議下授權。

That means teachers from all around the world can use them in classrooms, online courses

這意味著世界各地的教師都可以在教室、在線課程中使用它們。

or to start projects - and today, thousands already

或啟動項目--而今天，已有數千名

do!

做!

To learn how it works and download this video without Ads or background music, checkout

要了解它是如何工作的，並下載這個沒有廣告或背景音樂的視頻，請查看

our website or read the description below.

我們的網站或閱讀下面的描述。

If you want to support our mission and help change education

如果你想支持我們的使命並幫助改變教育

visit our Patreon - that's patreon.com/sprouts.

請訪問我們的PATREON - 即patreon.com/sprouts。