connecting one place on the wall or ceiling or floor to another, and portals are great

將牆壁、天花板或地板上的一個地方連接到另一個地方，而門戶是偉大的

for cooking up paradoxes and apparent paradoxes!

烹調出悖論和明顯的悖論!

I already made a video about a particularly popular paradox (& also about how the portals

我已經做了一個關於一個特別流行的悖論的視頻（以及關於門戶如何

might actually work from a physics perspective), but oh boy are there more interesting portal

從物理學的角度來看，這可能真的有效），但是，哦，孩子們有更多有趣的門戶

paradoxes.

悖論。

Ok, so objects entering one end of a portal with a certain speed leave the other end with

好的，那麼以一定的速度進入門戶一端的物體在離開另一端時的速度是多少？

the same speed, and if the portals aren't oriented in the same direction, then the object

的速度相同，而且如果門戶的方向不一致，那麼該物體

will exit in the new direction, but the speed will be the same.

將在新的方向退出，但速度將是相同的。

In my first portal paradox video, I argued this should apply regardless of frame of reference,

在我的第一個門戶悖論視頻中，我認為這應該適用於任何參考框架。

so the orange portal moving towards a cube is the same as a cube moving towards the orange

是以，橙色門戶向立方體移動與立方體向橙色移動是一樣的。

portal - that is, both cause the cube to shoot out of the blue portal with the corresponding

窗口--也就是說，兩者都會導致立方體從藍色窗口射出，並有相應的

relative speed.

相對速度。

Obviously portals are fictional and there's no correct answer, but I think the cube shooting

顯然，傳送門是虛構的，沒有正確的答案，但我認為立方體射擊

out of the blue portal makes the most sense given the possible ways portals could work

鑑於傳送門可能的工作方式，突然出現的傳送門是最合理的。

within the physics of our universe.

在我們宇宙的物理學中。

BUT there's another paradox hiding in the middle of this one - literally.

但是，還有一個悖論隱藏在這個悖論中間--從字面上看。

What would happen if the orange portal stopped halfway?

如果橙色的傳送門停在半路上，會發生什麼？

Does the cube stay put?

方塊是否保持不變？

Does it tear itself in half?

它是否將自己撕成兩半？

Does it shoot out of the blue portal anyway, "pulling" itself the rest of the way through?

它是否無論如何都會射出藍色的門戶，"拉 "著自己穿過其餘的路？

Or something else?

還是別的什麼？

I'll give you a second to pause and decide what you think...

我給你一秒鐘的時間停頓，決定你的想法......。

again there's no correct answer: portals are fictional and you can imagine them to work

同樣沒有正確的答案：傳送門是虛構的，你可以想象它們的作用。

however you like.

無論你喜歡什麼。

But for physically realistic portals, I think the best way to analyze the "portal stopping

但對於物理上現實的門戶，我認為分析 "門戶停止 "的最好方法是

halfway paradox" is to instead imagine there are two cubes attached by a rope and the orange

半途而廢的悖論 "是想象有兩個立方體被繩子連在一起，而橙色的

portal stops between the cubes.

入口停在立方體之間。

In this case, the top cube will unequivocally shoot out of the blue portal at full speed

在這種情況下，頂部的立方體將明確地以全速射出藍色門戶

before yanking the rope taut and pulling upwards on the bottom cube.

然後再把繩子拉緊，向上拉動底部的立方體。

If the rope is weak then it'll break, but if it's strong [and if the cubes are the same

如果繩子很弱，那麼它就會斷裂，但如果它很強壯[並且如果立方體是一樣的

mass] then it'll accelerate the bottom cube and slow down the top cube, so the cubes will

品質]，那麼它將加速底部的立方體，減緩頂部的立方體，是以立方體將

both shoot out of the blue portal, but at half speed.

兩人都從藍色入口處射出，但速度是一半。

So if instead the orange portal stops halfway through a single cube, then if the cube is

是以，如果相反，橙色的傳送門在一個單一的立方體中停了一半，那麼如果這個立方體是

super fragile it should tear in half, but more likely it'll just shoot out of the blue

超級脆弱，它應該撕成兩半，但更有可能的是它會突然射出。

portal with half the speed [if the cube has uniform density].

以一半的速度傳送[如果立方體具有均勻的密度]。

If the portal stops a third of the way through, the cube'll shoot out with 1/3 the speed.

如果傳送門在三分之一的地方停下來，立方體就會以1/3的速度射出去。

Etc.

等等。

Paradox solved.

悖論解決了。

The next paradox is a bit more subtle: what if you try to sandwich a cube between two

下一個悖論就比較微妙了：如果你試圖將一個立方體夾在兩個

portals?

門戶網站？

Does the cube disappear?

方塊會消失嗎？

Do the portals bounce or stop?

門戶會不會跳動或停止？

Or something else?

還是別的什麼？

Again, I think a change of perspective is helpful - imagine instead that you extend

同樣，我認為改變視角是有幫助的--想象一下，你把自己延伸至

a piston through the blue portal.

一個活塞穿過藍色門戶。

Eventually it comes back and hits itself from behind.

最終，它回來了，從後面打了自己。

The piston can't keep extending into the portal because there is no "inside" of the portal

活塞不可能一直延伸到入口，因為入口沒有 "內部"。

- "inside" the blue portal is "outside" the orange portal, and vice versa: everything

- 藍色門戶的 "內部 "就是橙色門戶的 "外部"，反之亦然：一切

always exists outside the portals, and there's nowhere to hide.

始終存在於門戶之外，而且無處可藏。

At this point one of three things could happen.

在這一點上，可能會發生三件事中的一件。

If the piston is weak it should crumple, the same as if it were pushing against a solid

如果活塞很弱，它應該會崩潰，就像它推著一個固體一樣。

wall.

牆。

If the piston is rigid and the portals are super heavy, then the piston will just stop

如果活塞是剛性的，而門戶是超重的，那麼活塞將直接停止

expanding (since it can't lengthen any more without the portals moving farther apart).

擴張（因為它不能再延長而不使門戶相距更遠）。

But the orange portal is clearly "pushing" the piston out of it to the right, so Newton's

但橙色的門戶顯然是把活塞從裡面 "推 "到了右邊，所以牛頓的

"equal and opposite" law of motion means the piston is pushing the orange portal to the

"相等和相反 "的運動定律意味著活塞正在將橙色的門戶推向

left - "kind of like what happens when you throw a ball".Similarly, the blue portal is

左邊--"有點像你扔球時發生的情況"。同樣，藍色門戶是

somehow absorbing the momentum of the piston entering it, and so should be pushed to the

以某種方式吸收了進入它的活塞的動量，是以應該被推到

right - like what happens when you catch a ball.

對--就像你接住一個球時發生的情況。

So if the portals aren't heavy (and aren't on super heavy objects), then the logical

是以，如果傳送門不重（而且不在超重物體上），那麼邏輯上的

(if weird) conclusion is that the portals themselves get pushed apart!

(如果奇怪的話）的結論是，門戶本身被推開了!

Newton's laws also apply to the paradox of sandwiching a cube: the blue portal moving

牛頓定律也適用於夾層立方體的悖論：藍色門戶移動的

towards the cube causes the cube to emerge from the orange portal like a piston, until

朝著立方體的方向，使立方體像活塞一樣從橙色的入口處出現，直到

the cube hits itself.

骰子打在自己身上。

At which point, if the cube is weak, it will crumple.

在這一點上，如果立方體很弱，它就會崩潰。

If it's strong, the portals will stop or even get pushed apart - aka, they'll bounce!

如果它很強，傳送門會停止，甚至被推開--也就是說，它們會反彈！"。

I should say that neither of these paradoxes are my original ideas: the sandwich portal

我應該說，這兩個悖論都不是我的原創想法：三明治門戶

paradox was sent to me by somebody who tried it out in a sandbox version of the portal

悖論是某人發給我的，他在門戶的沙盒版中試了一下。

video game and got some very trippy (and non-physicsy) results/glitches, and the "halfway through

視頻遊戲，並得到了一些非常奇怪的（和非物理的）結果/故障，以及 "半途而廢"。

the cube" paradox was in fact posed to me by the “portal physics & rendering” programmer

事實上，"立方體 "悖論是由 "門戶物理和渲染 "程序員向我提出的。

on the team that made Portal 1 & 2!

在製作傳送門1和2的團隊中!

[But the solutions to the paradoxes are mine] Apparently they thought about having moving

[但悖論的解決方案是我的]顯然，他們想到了要有移動的

portals in the game, but ended up deciding not to.

在遊戲中的傳送門，但最後決定不這樣做。

Which is lucky for us, because that means we don't actually know how moving portals

這對我們來說是幸運的，因為這意味著我們實際上不知道如何移動門戶

"officially" work, and we instead get to hypothesize and debate and analyze portal paradoxes to

"正式 "工作，而我們卻要假設、辯論和分析門戶悖論，以

our hearts' content.

我們心滿意足。

Another thing you might want to debate is your favorite way to draw molecules - do you

你可能想辯論的另一件事是你最喜歡的繪製分子的方式--你是否

prefer ball & stick?

更喜歡球和棍子？

structural formulas?

結構公式？

Skeletal?

骨骼？

Ribbon diagrams?

帶狀圖？

Space-filling?

填補空間？

Or maybe you're into the simplicity of a lewis dot diagram?

或者你喜歡簡單的劉易斯點陣圖？

Whatever your preference, you can learn all about the pros (& cons) of each of these molecular

無論你的偏好是什麼，你可以瞭解這些分子的所有優點（和缺點）。

representations on Brilliant, this video's sponsor, where we just launched a new and

本視頻的贊助商Brilliant公司的代表，我們剛剛推出了一個新的和

very special course created by Ever Salazar, MinuteEarth illustrator and molecular representation

由MinuteEarth插畫師和分子代表Ever Salazar創建的非常特別的課程

fanatic.

狂熱者。

Can I just say, I've never seen such beautiful molecules, and you should definitely go check

我只能說，我從來沒有見過這麼漂亮的分子，你一定要去看看。

them out.

他們出來了。

Which you can!

你可以的!

You can sign up for Brilliant for free at Brilliant.org/minutephysics, and the first

你可以在Brilliant.org/minutephysics網站上免費註冊Brilliant，而第一個

200 people will get 20% off an annual Premium subscription with full access to all of Brilliant's

200人將獲得20%的年度高級訂閱，可以完全訪問Brilliant的所有內容。

courses and puzzles, including our molecule drawing course!

課程和謎題，包括我們的分子繪畫課程!

Again, that's Brilliant.org/MinutePhysics - and thanks to Brilliant for letting us take

同樣，這就是Brilliant.org/MinutePhysics--感謝Brilliant讓我們採取的措施。

over one of their courses.

在他們的一個課程中。