Name: 平權行動與醫學院招生｜不舒服的真相 (Affirmative Action & Medical School Admissions | The Uncomfortable Truth)
Uploaded: 2022-07-25T17:40:53.000Z
Duration: 10 min 46 s

Every year, tens of thousands of premeds apply to U.S. medical schools.

每年都有數以萬計的預科生申請美國的醫學院。

Every one of them has spent years studying, researching, and volunteering to get to this

他們中的每一個人都花了數年時間學習、研究和志願服務，以達到這個目的。

point, and yet, most of them don’t gain any acceptances.

點，然而，他們中的大多數人並沒有獲得任何錄取。

As these students prepare themselves for the next application season, they start looking

當這些學生為下一個申請季節做準備時，他們開始尋找

Affirmative action is a hotly debated topic in the United States with strong opinions

在美國，平權行動是一個爭論激烈的話題，人們的意見很強烈。

In fact, the debate spans far beyond medical school admissions and extends to all forms

事實上，這場辯論遠遠超出了醫學院招生的範圍，並延伸到了所有形式的教育。

of higher education - from high schoolers applying to college to master’s students

的高等教育--從申請大學的高中生到碩士生

Today we’ll cover what affirmative action is, the main arguments both for and against

今天我們將介紹什麼是平權行動，支持和反對的主要論點

it, and what it all means for you as a premed trying to get into medical school.

它，以及這一切對你這個試圖進入醫學院的預科生意味著什麼。

Affirmative action, as it relates to medical school admissions, is a set of policies and

與醫學院招生有關的平權行動，是一套政策和措施。

practices designed to decrease systemic discrimination and increase diversity among medical students.

旨在減少系統性歧視和增加醫學生的多樣性的做法。

Although we often use the term to refer to race, it can also be used to refer to any

雖然我們經常用這個詞來指代種族，但它也可以用來指代任何

There are two types of affirmative action: indirect and direct.

有兩種類型的平權行動：間接和直接。

Indirect affirmative action includes policies that may on the surface seem neutral; however,

間接平權行動包括表面上看似中立的政策；但是。

they are aimed at benefiting underrepresented groups.

它們的目的是使代表性不足的群體受益。

An example of indirect affirmative action might be giving preference to students who

間接平權行動的一個例子可能是優先考慮以下學生

Although it doesn’t directly give priority to Hispanic students, it is likely to benefit

雖然它沒有直接優先考慮西班牙裔學生，但它可能會受益於

Hispanic students more so than students from other backgrounds.

西班牙裔學生比其他背景的學生更有可能。

More commonly, medical schools employ direct affirmative action - sometimes referred to

更常見的是，醫學院採用直接平權行動--有時被稱為

as “preferential treatment” or “positive discrimination.”

作為 "優惠待遇 "或 "積極歧視"。

These types of policies grant an advantage to members of designated groups in final decisions

這些類型的政策在最終決定中給予指定群體的成員以優勢。

An example would be a medical school that allocates a certain number of seats each year

一個例子是，醫學院每年分配一定數量的席位

In this scenario, an applicant from an underrepresented group may be granted a medical school seat

在這種情況下，來自代表性不足的群體的申請人可能會被授予醫學院的席位

even if there is an applicant from an overrepresented group with a stronger application.

即使有一個來自代表性過高的群體的申請人有更強的申請能力。

In short, the race of the applicant helps determine which student receives that spot.

簡而言之，申請人的種族有助於決定哪個學生獲得該名額。

In the United States, White and Asian students are overrepresented in medical schools and

在美國，白人和亞裔學生在醫學院中的比例過高，並且

Hispanic and African American students are underrepresented.

西班牙裔和非洲裔學生的人數不足。

Because Asians are a minority in the general population, you can think of them as an “overrepresented

由於亞裔在總人口中屬於少數，你可以把他們看作是 "代表人數過多 "的人。

minority” in terms of medical school admissions.

在醫學院的錄取方面，"少數民族"。

During the 2021-2022 medical school application cycle, 42% of U.S. allopathic medical matriculants

在2021-2022年醫學院申請週期，42%的美國全科醫學預科生

were White, 23% were Asian, 9% were Black and 7% were Hispanic.

白人，23%是亞洲人，9%是黑人，7%是西班牙裔。

Affirmative action in medical school admissions aims to increase racial diversity among medical

醫學院招生中的平權行動旨在提高醫學界的種族多樣性。

students by helping underrepresented Black and Hispanic students get into medical school.

通過幫助代表性不足的黑人和西班牙裔學生進入醫學院學習。

To understand the debate regarding affirmative action, let’s explore both sides of the

為了瞭解有關平權行動的辯論，讓我們來探討一下雙方的觀點。

The primary argument in favor of affirmative action is that it helps “level the playing

支持平權行動的主要論點是，它有助於 "公平競爭"。

field” for Black and Hispanic applicants.

對黑人和西班牙裔申請者來說，這就是 "領域"。

Historically, these students have had to overcome cycles of social, economic, and educational

從歷史上看，這些學生必須克服社會、經濟和教育方面的循環。

According to the U.S. census, Black and Hispanic individuals are between one and a half to

根據美國的人口普查，黑人和西班牙裔個人在1.5至1.5倍的範圍內。

two times more likely to experience poverty than White or Asian individuals.

與白人或亞裔個人相比，他們經歷貧困的可能性要大兩倍。

As such, many live in poorer neighborhoods and attend schools with less funding and fewer

是以，許多人生活在較貧窮的社區，並在資金較少的學校上學。

Affirmative action is meant to help these students gain entrance into medical school

平權行動是為了幫助這些學生獲得進入醫學院的機會

Proponents of affirmative action also argue that the negative impact on White and Asian

支持平權行動的人還認為，對白人和亞洲人的負面影響

applicants is relatively small compared to the positive impact on Black and Hispanic

與對黑人和西班牙裔的積極影響相比，對申請人的影響相對較小。

Underrepresented minorities make up only a small portion of the total number of applicants

代表性不足的少數民族只佔申請者總數的一小部分

and receive far fewer medical school positions than their overrepresented peers.

並且獲得的醫學院職位遠遠少於其超比例的同齡人。

For every 100 medical school spots, roughly 65 of them go to White or Asian applicants

每100個醫學院的名額中，大約有65個被白人或亞裔申請者獲得。

and only 16 of them go to Black or Hispanic applicants.

而其中只有16個給了黑人或西班牙裔的申請人。

In this example, if you were to take just 5 seats away from Black or Hispanic applicants

在這個例子中，如果你只從黑人或西班牙裔申請人那裡拿走5個席位

and give them to White or Asian applicants, the number of seats for underrepresented students

並將其給予白人或亞洲申請人，代表不足的學生的席位數量

would decrease by 31% whereas the number of seats for overrepresented students would only

將減少31%，而為超額完成任務的學生提供的座位數僅為

When schools have stopped considering race in admissions in the past, there have been

過去，當學校在招生中停止考慮種族問題時，就會出現

significant declines in enrollment of Black and Hispanic students leading to decreased

黑人和西班牙裔學生的入學率顯著下降，導致學生人數減少。

This is problematic as research has shown that student body diversity is beneficial

這是有問題的，因為研究表明，學生群體的多樣性是有益的

for all students - not just underrepresented ones.

為所有學生--不僅僅是代表不足的學生。

Diverse student bodies have been associated with increases in academic performance, retention,

多樣化的學生群體與學習成績、留校率的提高有關。

community engagement, cooperation, and openness to different ideas and perspectives.

社區參與、合作以及對不同想法和觀點的開放。

Research has also shown that diversity among physicians is beneficial for patient care.

研究還表明，醫生之間的多樣性對病人護理是有益的。

When patients have doctors that are of the same race, they are more likely to go for

當病人有相同種族的醫生時，他們更有可能去選擇

treatment and more likely to be satisfied with the care they receive.

治療，並且更有可能對他們得到的護理感到滿意。

They are also less likely to use the emergency department and tend to have lower total healthcare

他們也較少使用急診室，並傾向於擁有較低的總醫療費用。

expenditures compared to those with race-discordant physicians.

與那些有種族不和的醫生相比，他們的支出。

Underrepresented physicians are also more likely to work in underserved communities

代表性不足的醫生也更有可能在服務不足的社區工作

and take care of patients with poor access to healthcare - namely minorities and uninsured

並照顧那些難以獲得醫療服務的病人--即少數民族和沒有保險的人。

By increasing diversity among physicians, we are also setting an example for future

通過增加醫生的多樣性，我們也在為未來樹立一個榜樣。

When children see doctors that look like them, it shows them that they can become doctors

當孩子們看到像他們一樣的醫生時，就會告訴他們，他們可以成為醫生。

Now, let’s look at the other side of the argument.

現在，讓我們來看看爭論的另一面。

The most common argument against affirmative action is that it goes against meritocracy.

反對平權行動最常見的論點是，它違背了任人唯賢的原則。

Instead of having the most qualified premeds get into medical school, affirmative action

與其讓最合格的醫學預科生進入醫學院，不如採取平權措施

policies allow students with lower metrics to “steal spots” from more competitive

政策允許指標較低的學生從更有競爭力的學生那裡 "搶走 "名額。

Whenever you provide an advantage to one group, you simultaneously apply a disadvantage to

每當你為一個群體提供優勢的時候，你同時也會將劣勢施加給

Although affirmative action helps Black and Hispanic applicants, it comes at the cost

儘管平權行動有助於黑人和西班牙裔申請人，但它的代價是

of hurting Asian students, who are also minorities subject to racism and other issues in the

傷害亞裔學生，他們也是受到種族主義和其他問題影響的少數民族。

During the most recent 2021-2022 medical school application cycle, White matriculants had

在最近的2021-2022年醫學院申請週期，白人預科生有

an average GPA of 3.78 and MCAT of 512.7 and Asian matriculants had an average GPA of 3.79

平均GPA為3.78，MCAT為512.7，亞裔預科生平均GPA為3.79。

字幕列表影片播放

平權行動與醫學院招生｜不舒服的真相 (Affirmative Action & Medical School Admissions | The Uncomfortable Truth)

perspective

assume

significant

debate