Every one of them has spent years studying, researching, and volunteering to get to this

他們中的每一個人都花了數年時間學習、研究和志願服務，以達到這個目的。

point, and yet, most of them don’t gain any acceptances.

點，然而，他們中的大多數人並沒有獲得任何錄取。

As these students prepare themselves for the next application season, they start looking

當這些學生為下一個申請季節做準備時，他們開始尋找

for reasons why they didn’t get in.

對於他們沒有被錄取的原因。

Was their GPA too low?

他們的GPA是否太低？

MCAT not high enough?

MCAT不夠高？

Too few volunteer hours?

志願服務時間太少？

Or was affirmative action to blame?

或者是平權行動造成的？

Dr. Jubbal, MedSchoolInsiders.com

Jubbal醫生，MedSchoolInsiders.com

Affirmative action is a hotly debated topic in the United States with strong opinions

在美國，平權行動是一個爭論激烈的話題，人們的意見很強烈。

on both sides of the argument.

在爭論的雙方。

In fact, the debate spans far beyond medical school admissions and extends to all forms

事實上，這場辯論遠遠超出了醫學院招生的範圍，並延伸到了所有形式的教育。

of higher education - from high schoolers applying to college to master’s students

的高等教育--從申請大學的高中生到碩士生

applying to Ph.D. programs.

申請博士課程。

Today we’ll cover what affirmative action is, the main arguments both for and against

今天我們將介紹什麼是平權行動，支持和反對的主要論點

it, and what it all means for you as a premed trying to get into medical school.

它，以及這一切對你這個試圖進入醫學院的預科生意味著什麼。

Affirmative action, as it relates to medical school admissions, is a set of policies and

與醫學院招生有關的平權行動，是一套政策和措施。

practices designed to decrease systemic discrimination and increase diversity among medical students.

旨在減少系統性歧視和增加醫學生的多樣性的做法。

Although we often use the term to refer to race, it can also be used to refer to any

雖然我們經常用這個詞來指代種族，但它也可以用來指代任何

underrepresented group.

代表性不足的群體。

There are two types of affirmative action: indirect and direct.

有兩種類型的平權行動：間接和直接。

Indirect affirmative action includes policies that may on the surface seem neutral; however,

間接平權行動包括表面上看似中立的政策；但是。

they are aimed at benefiting underrepresented groups.

它們的目的是使代表性不足的群體受益。

An example of indirect affirmative action might be giving preference to students who

間接平權行動的一個例子可能是優先考慮以下學生

speak Spanish.

說西班牙語。

Although it doesn’t directly give priority to Hispanic students, it is likely to benefit

雖然它沒有直接優先考慮西班牙裔學生，但它可能會受益於

Hispanic students more so than students from other backgrounds.

西班牙裔學生比其他背景的學生更有可能。

More commonly, medical schools employ direct affirmative action - sometimes referred to

更常見的是，醫學院採用直接平權行動--有時被稱為

as “preferential treatment” or “positive discrimination.”

作為 "優惠待遇 "或 "積極歧視"。

These types of policies grant an advantage to members of designated groups in final decisions

這些類型的政策在最終決定中給予指定群體的成員以優勢。

for medical school acceptance.

為醫學院的錄取。

An example would be a medical school that allocates a certain number of seats each year

一個例子是，醫學院每年分配一定數量的席位

to underrepresented students.

對代表不足的學生。

In this scenario, an applicant from an underrepresented group may be granted a medical school seat

在這種情況下，來自代表性不足的群體的申請人可能會被授予醫學院的席位

even if there is an applicant from an overrepresented group with a stronger application.

即使有一個來自代表性過高的群體的申請人有更強的申請能力。

In short, the race of the applicant helps determine which student receives that spot.

簡而言之，申請人的種族有助於決定哪個學生獲得該名額。

In the United States, White and Asian students are overrepresented in medical schools and

在美國，白人和亞裔學生在醫學院中的比例過高，並且

Hispanic and African American students are underrepresented.

西班牙裔和非洲裔學生的人數不足。

Because Asians are a minority in the general population, you can think of them as an “overrepresented

由於亞裔在總人口中屬於少數，你可以把他們看作是 "代表人數過多 "的人。

minority” in terms of medical school admissions.

在醫學院的錄取方面，"少數民族"。

During the 2021-2022 medical school application cycle, 42% of U.S. allopathic medical matriculants

在2021-2022年醫學院申請週期，42%的美國全科醫學預科生

were White, 23% were Asian, 9% were Black and 7% were Hispanic.

白人，23%是亞洲人，9%是黑人，7%是西班牙裔。

Affirmative action in medical school admissions aims to increase racial diversity among medical

醫學院招生中的平權行動旨在提高醫學界的種族多樣性。

students by helping underrepresented Black and Hispanic students get into medical school.

通過幫助代表性不足的黑人和西班牙裔學生進入醫學院學習。

To understand the debate regarding affirmative action, let’s explore both sides of the

為了瞭解有關平權行動的辯論，讓我們來探討一下雙方的觀點。

argument.

爭論。

The primary argument in favor of affirmative action is that it helps “level the playing

支持平權行動的主要論點是，它有助於 "公平競爭"。

field” for Black and Hispanic applicants.

對黑人和西班牙裔申請者來說，這就是 "領域"。

Historically, these students have had to overcome cycles of social, economic, and educational

從歷史上看，這些學生必須克服社會、經濟和教育方面的循環。

disadvantage.

劣勢。

According to the U.S. census, Black and Hispanic individuals are between one and a half to

根據美國的人口普查，黑人和西班牙裔個人在1.5至1.5倍的範圍內。

two times more likely to experience poverty than White or Asian individuals.

與白人或亞裔個人相比，他們經歷貧困的可能性要大兩倍。

As such, many live in poorer neighborhoods and attend schools with less funding and fewer

是以，許多人生活在較貧窮的社區，並在資金較少的學校上學。

resources.

資源。

Affirmative action is meant to help these students gain entrance into medical school

平權行動是為了幫助這些學生獲得進入醫學院的機會

despite these disadvantages.

儘管存在這些缺點。

Proponents of affirmative action also argue that the negative impact on White and Asian

支持平權行動的人還認為，對白人和亞洲人的負面影響

applicants is relatively small compared to the positive impact on Black and Hispanic

與對黑人和西班牙裔的積極影響相比，對申請人的影響相對較小。

applicants.

申請人。

Underrepresented minorities make up only a small portion of the total number of applicants

代表性不足的少數民族只佔申請者總數的一小部分

and receive far fewer medical school positions than their overrepresented peers.

並且獲得的醫學院職位遠遠少於其超比例的同齡人。

For every 100 medical school spots, roughly 65 of them go to White or Asian applicants

每100個醫學院的名額中，大約有65個被白人或亞裔申請者獲得。

and only 16 of them go to Black or Hispanic applicants.

而其中只有16個給了黑人或西班牙裔的申請人。

In this example, if you were to take just 5 seats away from Black or Hispanic applicants

在這個例子中，如果你只從黑人或西班牙裔申請人那裡拿走5個席位

and give them to White or Asian applicants, the number of seats for underrepresented students

並將其給予白人或亞洲申請人，代表不足的學生的席位數量

would decrease by 31% whereas the number of seats for overrepresented students would only

將減少31%，而為超額完成任務的學生提供的座位數僅為

increase by 7%.

增長7%。

When schools have stopped considering race in admissions in the past, there have been

過去，當學校在招生中停止考慮種族問題時，就會出現

significant declines in enrollment of Black and Hispanic students leading to decreased

黑人和西班牙裔學生的入學率顯著下降，導致學生人數減少。

diversity among students.

學生中的多樣性。

This is problematic as research has shown that student body diversity is beneficial

這是有問題的，因為研究表明，學生群體的多樣性是有益的

for all students - not just underrepresented ones.

為所有學生--不僅僅是代表不足的學生。

Diverse student bodies have been associated with increases in academic performance, retention,

多樣化的學生群體與學習成績、留校率的提高有關。

community engagement, cooperation, and openness to different ideas and perspectives.

社區參與、合作以及對不同想法和觀點的開放。

Research has also shown that diversity among physicians is beneficial for patient care.

研究還表明，醫生之間的多樣性對病人護理是有益的。

When patients have doctors that are of the same race, they are more likely to go for

當病人有相同種族的醫生時，他們更有可能去選擇

treatment and more likely to be satisfied with the care they receive.

治療，並且更有可能對他們得到的護理感到滿意。

They are also less likely to use the emergency department and tend to have lower total healthcare

他們也較少使用急診室，並傾向於擁有較低的總醫療費用。

expenditures compared to those with race-discordant physicians.

與那些有種族不和的醫生相比，他們的支出。

Underrepresented physicians are also more likely to work in underserved communities

代表性不足的醫生也更有可能在服務不足的社區工作

and take care of patients with poor access to healthcare - namely minorities and uninsured

並照顧那些難以獲得醫療服務的病人--即少數民族和沒有保險的人。

patients.

病人。

By increasing diversity among physicians, we are also setting an example for future

通過增加醫生的多樣性，我們也在為未來樹立一個榜樣。

generations.

幾代人。

When children see doctors that look like them, it shows them that they can become doctors

當孩子們看到像他們一樣的醫生時，就會告訴他們，他們可以成為醫生。

too.

也是。

Now, let’s look at the other side of the argument.

現在，讓我們來看看爭論的另一面。

The most common argument against affirmative action is that it goes against meritocracy.

反對平權行動最常見的論點是，它違背了任人唯賢的原則。

Instead of having the most qualified premeds get into medical school, affirmative action

與其讓最合格的醫學預科生進入醫學院，不如採取平權措施

policies allow students with lower metrics to “steal spots” from more competitive

政策允許指標較低的學生從更有競爭力的學生那裡 "搶走 "名額。

applicants.

申請人。

Whenever you provide an advantage to one group, you simultaneously apply a disadvantage to

每當你為一個群體提供優勢的時候，你同時也會將劣勢施加給

all the other groups.

所有其他群體。

Although affirmative action helps Black and Hispanic applicants, it comes at the cost

儘管平權行動有助於黑人和西班牙裔申請人，但它的代價是

of hurting Asian students, who are also minorities subject to racism and other issues in the

傷害亞裔學生，他們也是受到種族主義和其他問題影響的少數民族。

U.S.

美國

During the most recent 2021-2022 medical school application cycle, White matriculants had

在最近的2021-2022年醫學院申請週期，白人預科生有

an average GPA of 3.78 and MCAT of 512.7 and Asian matriculants had an average GPA of 3.79

平均GPA為3.78，MCAT為512.7，亞裔預科生平均GPA為3.79。

and MCAT of 514.5.

和MCAT的514.5分。

The average Asian matriculant had an MCAT nearly 2 points higher than the average Caucasian.

亞裔預科生的平均MCAT成績比白種人的平均成績高出近2分。

In comparison, Black matriculants had an average GPA of 3.55 and MCAT of 505.9 and Hispanic

相比之下，黑人預科生的平均GPA為3.55，MCAT為505.9，西班牙裔預科生的平均GPA為3.55。

matriculants averaged a 3.64 GPA and 506.6 MCAT.

預科生的平均GPA為3.64，MCAT為506.6。

In several previous years, the disparities in GPA and MCAT scores have been even more

在前幾年，GPA和MCAT分數的差距甚至更大。

pronounced.

被宣稱的。

When we look at the data, it is evident that Asian applicants are being hurt the most by

當我們查看數據時，很明顯，亞裔申請人受到的傷害最大。

affirmative action policies.

平權行動政策。

Compared to the average Black matriculant, the average Asian matriculant achieves a GPA

與黑人學生的平均成績相比，亞裔學生的平均GPA為5.5分。

that is nearly 0.25 points higher and an MCAT score that is nearly 8 points higher.

高近0.25分，MCAT分數高近8分。

For perspective, a 506 on the MCAT is a 65th percentile score and a 515 is a 90th percentile

從這個角度看，MCAT考試中的506分是第65個百分點的分數，515分是第90個百分點的分數。

score.

分。

Ask anyone who has taken the MCAT, and they’ll tell you how big of a difference this is.

問問任何參加過MCAT考試的人，他們會告訴你這是多大的區別。

Another argument is that if the goal of affirmative action is to “level the playing field”

另一種說法是，如果平權行動的目標是 "公平競爭 "的話

for disadvantaged students, then we should use a different metric to define which students

弱勢學生，那麼我們應該使用不同的指標來定義哪些學生

are “disadvantaged.”

是 "弱勢群體"。

Race-based affirmative action policies tend to help applicants from middle- and upper-class

基於種族的平等權利行動政策往往有助於來自中產階級和上層階級的申請人

backgrounds more so than those from lower-class backgrounds.

與那些來自低階層背景的人相比，他們更有可能。

Should the under-qualified son of a black doctor get into medical school over the qualified

不夠資格的黑人醫生的兒子是否應該進入醫學院，而不是有資格的人？

daughter of a Chinese immigrant?

一箇中國移民的女兒？

Many who oppose race-based affirmative action believe that socioeconomic-based affirmative

許多反對基於種族的平權行動的人認為，基於社會經濟的平權行動

action would be a much more appropriate basis for preferential admission.

行動將是優先錄取的一個更合適的基礎。

They argue that it is more important to help the poor White or Asian student have upward

他們認為，幫助貧窮的白人或亞裔學生獲得上升的機會更為重要。

mobility than it is to help the wealthy Black or Hispanic student whose parents are both

比起幫助富裕的黑人或西班牙裔學生，他們的父母都是

surgeons.

外科醫生。

The next argument is that diversity extends beyond race.

下一個論點是，多樣性超出了種族的範圍。

Just because two students come from different racial backgrounds doesn’t mean that one

兩個學生來自不同的種族背景，並不意味著一個學生

has a unique perspective over the other.

比起另一個人，他有一個獨特的視角。

Conversely, just because two students come from the same racial background doesn’t

相反，僅僅因為兩個學生來自相同的種族背景，並不能

mean they have the same perspective.

這意味著他們有相同的觀點。

Racial affirmative action assumes that students of different racial backgrounds think differently

種族平權行動假定不同種族背景的學生有不同的思維方式

and students from the same racial background think the same.

和來自同一種族背景的學生有同樣的想法。

There are many aspects of human experience that shape the way we think beyond race.

人類經驗的許多方面塑造了我們超越種族的思考方式。

This is not reflected in race-based affirmative action policies.

這並沒有反映在基於種族的平權行動政策中。

Lastly, those who oppose affirmative action argue that it perpetuates racial discrimination.

最後，反對平權行動的人認為，平權行動使種族歧視長期存在。

Although the average GPA and MCAT are lower on average for Black and Hispanic matriculants,

儘管黑人和西班牙裔新生的平均GPA和MCAT平均水平較低。

this is not true for all of them.

這並不是所有的人都是如此。

Some of these students have competitive metrics and stellar applications and would get into

這些學生中有些人的指標很有競爭力，申請也很出色，會被錄取。

medical school regardless of their race.

無論他們的種族如何，都可以在醫學院學習。

In these scenarios, affirmative action policies can undermine the accomplishments of underrepresented

在這些情況下，平權政策可能會破壞代表性不足的人的成就。

students.

學生。

They may experience discrimination based on the assumption that they didn’t “genuinely

他們可能會遇到基於他們沒有 "真正的 "的假設而受到歧視。

deserve” admission and instead just happened to fit into some racial diversity matrix.

值得 "錄取，而只是碰巧符合一些種族多樣性矩陣。

Whatever the argument though, the reality is that affirmative action does play a significant

無論爭論如何，現實情況是，平權行動確實發揮了重要作用。

role in medical school admissions.

在醫學院招生中的作用。

Whether you come from an overrepresented background or an underrepresented background, it impacts

無論你是來自代表人數過多的背景還是代表人數不足的背景，它都會影響到

everyone.

每個人都是如此。

That being said, there are many other components of your medical school application that are

也就是說，在你的醫學院申請中，還有許多其他的內容需要注意。

within your control and have a far greater impact on your chances of acceptance.

在你的控制範圍內，對你的錄取機會的影響要大得多。

If you’re from an overrepresented group, don’t feel defeated.

如果你來自一個代表人數過多的群體，不要感到被打敗。

The worst thing you can do is adopt a victim mentality and believe that you won’t get

你能做的最糟糕的事情是採用受害者心態，認為你不會得到

into medical school because of your racial background.

因為你的種族背景而進入醫學院。

When that happens, it tarnishes your perspective and influences your actions, and it becomes

當這種情況發生時，它就會玷汙你的觀點並影響你的行動，而且會變成

a self-fulfilling prophecy.

一個自我實現的預言。

At the end of the day, getting into medical school is hard - regardless of race.

歸根結底，進入醫學院是很難的--不管是什麼種族。

What is often overlooked in these debates is the importance of the hard-to-quantify

在這些辯論中經常被忽視的是，難以量化的

metrics like volunteer work, research, recommendations, essays, and other soft components.

志願工作、研究、推薦、論文和其他軟性成分等指標。

Instead of focusing on the things you can’t control, focus on those that you can.

與其關注你不能控制的事情，不如關注那些你能控制的事情。

Despite coming from an overrepresented and not-financially-privileged background myself,

儘管我自己來自於一個過度的、經濟上並不富裕的背景。

I worked hard throughout college and became the best applicant I could be against all

我在整個大學期間努力工作，併成為我所能成為的最好的申請人，反對所有的

odds, including major health issues.

機會，包括重大健康問題。

As a result, I was able to achieve multiple top 10 medical school acceptances and receive

是以，我能夠獲得多個排名前十的醫學院的錄取，並獲得了

sizable merit-based scholarships.

可觀的擇優錄取獎學金。

Sure it’s harder, but statistics apply to populations, not to individuals, and you don’t

當然這更難，但統計數據適用於人群，而不是個人，而且你不

have to accept defeat.

不得不接受失敗。

No matter your background, strive to apply to medical school only once.

無論你的背景如何，爭取只申請一次醫學院。

Set a goal for yourself to get accepted into your top choice program and do whatever you

為自己設定一個目標，被你的首選專業錄取，並盡你所能

can to achieve it.

可以實現它。

Work on getting the strongest MCAT and GPA possible, craft a strong narrative that puts

努力獲得最強的MCAT和GPA，製作一個強有力的敘述，把

you in the best light, and be so compelling that medical schools fight over you.

你的形象是最好的，而且是如此令人信服，以至於醫學院為你而戰。

By doing this, you can even get top medical schools offering full-ride scholarships to

通過這樣做，你甚至可以獲得頂級醫學院提供的全額獎學金來

incentivize you to go to their school.

激勵你去他們的學校。

If you’d like to learn how to do this yourself, visit us at MedSchoolInsiders.com.

如果你想自己學習如何做到這一點，請訪問我們MedSchoolInsiders.com。

Our Insiders are physicians from top programs, many of whom earned merit-based scholarships

我們的內部人士是來自頂級項目的醫生，其中許多人獲得了基於成績的獎學金。

themselves, and can help mentor you in crafting a stellar application as well.

他們自己也可以幫助指導你精心製作一份出色的申請。

Or if you need help bolstering your GPA and MCAT, we have tutoring and an MCAT course

或者如果你需要幫助提高你的GPA和MCAT，我們有輔導和MCAT課程。

that’ll deliver the results you need.

這將提供你需要的結果。

It's what we're passionate about as we help empower a generation of happier, healthier,

這是我們所熱衷的，因為我們幫助賦予一代人更快樂、更健康的能力。

and more effective future doctors.

和更有效的未來醫生。

If you enjoyed this video, be sure to check out 5 Reasons Premeds Fail to Get into Medical

如果你喜歡這段視頻，請務必查看《醫學預科生進入醫學領域失敗的5個原因》。

School or this other video.

學校或這個其他視頻。

Much love, and I'll see you guys there.

非常感謝，我們會在那裡見到你們。