Name: 前1%的學生的策略 (Strategies of the Top 1% of Students)
Uploaded: 2022-07-25T17:40:42.000Z
Duration: 10 min 22 s

Picture this. You’re in college. You’ve been working hard, putting in the hours, and

想象一下吧。你正在上大學。你一直在努力工作，投入大量的時間，並且

studying until your eyes fall out – and yet, you’re still getting Bs on all your

學習，直到你的眼睛掉下來--然而，你仍然在你的所有課程中得到B。

exams. Meanwhile, Einstein over there is getting near-perfect scores and setting the curve.

考試。與此同時，那邊的愛因斯坦正在獲得近乎完美的分數，並設定了曲線。

How is he doing it? Does he have some sort of X factor that you don’t? Or maybe he

他是如何做到的？他是否有某種你所沒有的X因素？或者，也許他

was just born smart. Not quite, and here’s why.

是天生的聰明。並非如此，原因就在這裡。

A common misconception is that to be a top student with a 4.0 GPA or a great MCAT score,

一個常見的誤解是，要想成為一個頂尖的學生，必須有4.0的GPA或一個很好的MCAT分數。

you must be inherently smart. While intelligence does help, most people do have the potential

你必須是天生的聰明人。雖然智力確實有幫助，但大多數人確實有潛力

to become a top student - it’s just a matter of applying yourself in the right ways. Here’s

成為一名優秀的學生 - 這只是一個以正確方式應用自己的問題。以下是

what separates the top students from the rest of the pack, and what you can do to become

頂尖學生與其他學生的區別是什麼，以及你可以做些什麼來成為

First, top students are able to reflect and adapt their approach to studying depending

首先，優秀學生能夠反思並調整他們的學習方法，這取決於

on the class or type of material they’re learning.

對他們正在學習的課程或材料類型。

We’ve all heard the saying that, “the definition of insanity is doing the same thing

我們都聽說過這樣一句話，"精神錯亂的定義是做同樣的事情

over and over and expecting a different result.” That being said, it can often be difficult

一遍又一遍，期待著不同的結果。"話雖如此，但往往可能很難

to realize when you’re repeatedly making the same mistakes in your own life.

以意識到你在自己的生活中反覆犯同樣的錯誤。

When students don’t do as well as they want to on an exam, it's common for them to conclude

當學生在考試中表現得不盡如人意時，他們通常會得出這樣的結論

that they just didn’t study enough. So what do they do next time? They study longer and

他們只是沒有充分學習。那麼他們下次會怎麼做呢？他們學習的時間更長，而且

Although this might work for a while, there will eventually come a time when it stops

雖然這可能在一段時間內有效，但最終會有停止的時候。

working – and when that happens, these students plateau. What makes top students different

工作 - 而當這種情況發生時，這些學生就會出現高原反應。是什麼讓頂尖學生與眾不同

is that they don’t just try to brute force their way through by studying longer and longer.

是他們不只是試圖通過越來越長的學習時間來蠻幹。

They reflect on their study strategies and adapt. Here’s an example.

他們反思自己的學習策略並進行調整。這裡有一個例子。

During college, I was a neuroscience major. As such, most of the classes I took required

在大學期間，我是一個神經科學專業。是以，我上的大多數課都要求

deep knowledge of the material. To succeed, I needed to understand how brain receptors

對材料的深入瞭解。為了成功，我需要了解大腦受體如何

and ion channels work, how they interact with other body systems, and apply that knowledge

和離子通道的工作，它們如何與其他身體系統互動，並應用這些知識

to novel situations. I always had to consider the bigger picture to avoid missing the forest

對新的情況。我總是不得不考慮大局，以避免錯過森林。

for the trees, so to speak. My study strategy for these classes relied heavily on comprehending

可以這麼說。我對這些課程的學習策略在很大程度上依賴於理解

the information and applying it through practice problems – and this worked well for me.

通過練習題來應用這些資訊--這對我來說很有效。

The issue is that this strategy is not ideal for every situation. I learned this the hard

問題是，這種策略並不適合所有情況。我很清楚地認識到這一點

way when I got to my first psychology upper-division course, which was supposed to be easy. I used

當我上第一門心理學高年級課程時，這門課應該是很容易的。我用

these same techniques and ended up with a B on the midterm. But instead of trying to

這些相同的技巧，最後在期中考試中得到了B。但他並沒有試圖

brute force my way through using the same tactics for the final, I reflected on the

在決賽中，我使用同樣的戰術強行通過，我反思了一下。

midterm and thought about how I can approach the final more effectively.

期中考試後，我思考了如何能更有效地對待期末考試。

In this case, I realized that instead of trying to deeply understand the material and look

在這種情況下，我意識到，與其試圖深入理解材料，不如看看

at the bigger picture, my time was much better spent going through flashcards and trying

在大的方面，我的時間花在看閃卡和嘗試的時候要好得多。

to just commit the facts to memory. By refining my strategies and making this switch, I was

以至於只是把事實記在心裡。通過完善我的策略並進行這種轉換，我是

ultimately able to ace the final and get an A in the class.

最終能夠在期末考試中取得好成績，並在班上獲得A。

Top students understand that you have to refine your approach on a subject-by-subject, class-by-class

頂尖的學生明白，你必須逐個科目、逐個班級地完善你的方法。

basis. For example, subjects like psychology and biology tend to be more memorization-heavy,

基礎。例如，像心理學和生物學這樣的科目往往更重於記憶。

so strategies such as flashcards and spaced repetition work well. For subjects like chemistry

是以，諸如抽認卡和間隔性重複的策略很有效。對於像化學這樣的科目

or physics, however, it is often better to work through practice problems instead.

然而，通過練習題進行學習往往是更好的選擇。

In addition, some professors emphasize deep understanding and application on their exams

此外，一些教授在考試中強調深刻的理解和應用

whereas others focus more on memorizing facts. You have to be able to identify what you are

而其他人則更注重記憶事實。你必須能夠確定你是什麼人。

dealing with and adapt accordingly. It sounds simple, but most students only know one way

處理，並作出相應的調整。這聽起來很簡單，但大多數學生只知道一種方法

of studying and try to apply it to every situation.

的學習，並試圖將其應用於每一種情況。

I didn’t realize it at the time, but learning how to adapt my study strategies early on

我當時沒有意識到這一點，但在早期學習如何調整我的學習策略

in my college career helped me immensely when I got into medical school. It allowed me to

在我的大學生涯中，當我進入醫學院時，它對我有極大的幫助。它使我能夠

approach each subject differently and tailor my study strategies to what would be most

我對每個科目都有不同的處理方式，並將我的學習策略調整為最適合我的方式。

effective for each one. This, in turn, helped me excel in medical school and match into

對每一個人都很有效。這反過來又幫助我在醫學院取得優異成績，並匹配到

one of the two hyper-competitive specialties in medicine.

醫學中兩個競爭激烈的專業之一。

Next, top students are better at managing their time.

其次，頂尖學生更善於管理自己的時間。

People often think that to be at the top of your class you need to be a slave to your

人們常常認為，要想在班級中名列前茅，就必須成為你的奴隸。

schedule and spend 12 hours a day, 7 days a week studying – never taking time to relax

時間表，每週7天，每天花12個小時學習--從不花時間放鬆

or enjoy yourself. It’s actually quite the contrary. There are diminishing returns the

或享受自己。實際上恰恰相反。有越來越少的回報

longer you work in a given day. Paradoxically, to achieve the highest degrees of productivity,

你在一天中工作的時間越長。矛盾的是，為了達到最高程度的生產力。

you must plan time away from your work – and the top students know this.

你必須計劃離開你的工作的時間 - 頂尖的學生知道這一點。

Top students understand that sustainability is the name of the game. Studying 12 hours

頂尖學生明白，可持續性是遊戲的名稱。學習12小時

a day, every day, and prioritizing school over all else in your life is a sure-fire

每天都是如此，將學業置於生活中的所有其他事情之上，這肯定是一個好辦法。

way to burn out. To get straight A’s and crush your exams, your mind has to be operating

倦怠的方式。要想在考試中獲得全A，並粉碎你的考試，你的頭腦必須運作起來。

at full capacity. This simply isn’t possible if you never give yourself the chance to recharge.

全力以赴。如果你從不給自己充電的機會，這根本是不可能的。

The question then, is how do you balance studying and relaxation? The answer is by being intentional

那麼問題來了，你如何平衡學習和放鬆？答案是要有意識地

If you set aside two hours to study, be sure to focus and study. But if you set aside two

如果你留出兩個小時來學習，一定要集中精力學習。但如果你留出兩個

hours to spend time with family or friends, be fully present and enjoy yourself. There’s

與家人或朋友在一起的時間，要全身心地投入，享受自己。有

no point in trying to combine work and play. You end up not getting much done and not feeling

試圖將工作和娛樂結合起來沒有意義。你最終沒有完成多少工作，也沒有感覺到

In addition to being intentional with their time, top students are also more efficient

除了有意識地利用自己的時間外，優秀的學生也更有效率

with their time. They understand that the goal of studying isn’t to see who can spend

與他們的時間。他們明白，學習的目的不是為了看誰能把時間花在刀刃上。

the longest time staring into a textbook, it’s to learn. As such, if you want to be

盯著課本看的時間最長，是為了學習。是以，如果你想成為

efficient with your time, your goal should be to squeeze the most amount of learning

有效利用你的時間，你的目標應該是擠出最多的學習時間。

into the least amount of time. You can do this by focusing on active instead of passive

成最少的時間。你可以通過專注於主動而非被動來做到這一點。

The default strategy that nearly all students employ is passive learning. This includes

幾乎所有學生都採用的默認策略是被動學習。這包括

reading through notes, highlighting textbooks, and listening to lectures on repeat. The issue

通讀筆記，突出課本，重複聽講。這個問題

with these strategies isn’t that it’s impossible to learn by doing them, it’s

這些策略並不是說不可能通過實踐來學習，而是

that they are highly inefficient. The reason that we default to them, however, is that

它們是非常低效的。然而，我們之所以默認它們，是因為

they are often easier, require less effort, and overall feel more comfortable. Active

它們往往更容易，需要更少的努力，而且總體感覺更舒適。活躍

learning, on the other hand, is more challenging, less comfortable, but much more effective.

另一方面，學習更具挑戰性，不那麼舒適，但更有效。

Active learning strategies include things like active recall in the form of flashcards,

主動學習策略包括像閃卡形式的主動回憶。

condensing notes into summary sheets, or going through practice questions.

將筆記濃縮成摘要表，或通過練習題。

We have an entire playlist on study strategies showing you how to study like a pro – link

我們有一個關於學習策略的完整播放列表，告訴你如何像專家一樣學習--鏈接

in the description. The key takeaway, however, is that you shouldn’t just look at how many

在描述中。然而，關鍵的啟示是，你不應該只看有多少個

hours you’re studying. You need to also consider how much you’re learning in those

你正在學習的時間。你還需要考慮在這些時間裡你能學到多少東西。

hours and try to get the most bang for your buck with your study strategies.

小時，並嘗試用你的學習策略獲得最大的收益。

Lastly, top students know the importance of investing in themselves – both in terms

最後，優秀的學生知道對自己進行投資的重要性--在以下兩個方面

of their time and their money. Just as people invest in the stock market to get a return

他們的時間和金錢。就像人們在股市中投資以獲得回報一樣

on their investment, investing in yourself can have a significantly higher ROI.

在他們的投資上，投資於自己可以有一個明顯更高的投資回報率。

Let’s start with investing in yourself from a time perspective. Top students know that

讓我們從時間的角度開始對自己進行投資。優秀的學生知道，

in order to perform optimally, you need to start by taking care of your body and your

為了達到最佳表現，你需要從照顧你的身體和你的

mind – and the only way to do this is to make your health a priority and actively set

而要做到這一點的唯一方法是將你的健康作為優先事項，並積極設置

aside time for it. Although it isn’t as sexy or exciting as the hot new nootropic

為它留出時間。雖然它不像熱門的新諾託品那樣性感或令人興奮

or life hack, 95% of your performance comes down to three pillars: sleep, nutrition, and

或生活黑客，你的表現的95%歸結於三個支柱：睡眠、營養、和

exercise. If any one of these is out of balance, then you won’t be able to function at the

鍛鍊。如果其中任何一個失去平衡，那麼你將無法在以下方面發揮作用

top of your game. I discuss how to optimize sleep, nutrition, and exercise and how they relate

處於遊戲的頂端。我討論瞭如何優化睡眠、營養和運動以及它們之間的關係。

to productivity and cognitive performance on my personal channel Kevin Jubbal, M.D.

在我的個人頻道Kevin Jubbal, M.D.上發表對生產力和認知性能的看法。

The key takeaway, however, is that top students make their health a priority. They make time

然而，關鍵的啟示是，頂尖的學生將他們的健康作為優先事項。他們騰出時間

for sleep, exercise, and nutrition to ensure they’re functioning optimally. Skipping

睡眠、運動和營養，以確保它們的功能達到最佳狀態。跳舞

meals, opting for convenient but unhealthy foods, skipping the gym, and not sleeping

吃飯，選擇方便但不健康的食物，跳過健身房，以及不睡覺。