And if so, how many would give a strong  electric shock to an innocent other,  

如果是這樣，又有多少人會給無辜的其他人以強烈的電擊。

just because they are following an order?  To answer these questions, we can look at  

只是因為他們在遵守命令？ 為了回答這些問題，我們可以看一下

the controversial work of a man who just wanted  to find answers to his family's horrific past.

這是一個有爭議的作品，他只是想為他的家庭的可怕歷史找到答案。

In 1961, Stanley Milgram, a young  psychologist, wanted to find out how  

1961年，年輕的心理學家Stanley Milgram想找出

ordinary citizens were able to commit acts of  unspeakable evil in Nazi Germany. His theory:  

普通公民能夠在納粹德國犯下難以言表的邪惡行為。他的理論。

some people do horrific things because they obey  even the most wicked leaders. To test his theory,  

有些人做了可怕的事情，因為他們甚至服從最邪惡的領導人。為了驗證他的理論。

Milgram designed a clever experiment that changed  our understanding of human behavior forever.

米爾格拉姆設計了一個巧妙的實驗，永遠改變了我們對人類行為的理解。

The Milgram Experiment involved 3 people:  

米爾格拉姆實驗涉及3個人。

An authority, called the experimenter, who  was dressed in a lab coat to appear powerful.  

一位權威人士，被稱為實驗者，他身穿白大褂，顯得很有力量。

A volunteer, who was assigned to be the  teacher. And a victim, the so-called student.  

一個志願者，被指派為老師。還有一個受害者，即所謂的學生。

The teacher was the test subject, whereas the  experimenter and student were both actors.

老師是測試對象，而實驗者和學生都是演員。

Following orders, the teacher should test  a student, who is sitting in another room,  

根據命令，教師應該測試一個坐在另一個房間裡的學生。

by asking them questions. For every  wrong answer the experimenter would  

通過問他們問題。對於每一個錯誤的答案，實驗者會

ask the teacher to inflict an electric  shock up to a life threatening 450 volts.

請老師施以電擊，最高可達450伏，威脅到生命。

Before he began, Milgram asked his colleagues  what they expected the outcome to be.  

在開始之前，米爾格拉姆問他的同事，他們期望的結果是什麼。

Almost all of them agreed that only a few of the  volunteers would obey and inflict electric shocks  

幾乎所有的人都同意，只有少數志願者會聽話，並進行電擊。

on innocent others. What do you think? Would  anyone administer shocks higher than 300 volts?

對無辜的人。你怎麼看？有人會實施高於300伏的電擊嗎？

Milgram then advertised his experiment as a  "study on memory and learning" at the campus of  

米爾格拉姆隨後將他的實驗宣傳為 "關於記憶和學習的研究"，地點在美國加州大學校園。

Yale university. People signed up without any idea  of what they were really getting themselves into.

耶魯大學。人們在不知道他們真正陷入了什麼的情況下就簽了字。

The experiment began with the volunteers meeting  the other participants. The volunteers then pulled  

實驗開始時，志願者們與其他參與者見面。然後志願者們拉著

a card to draw their role. Little did they  know that they could only draw the teacher.  

一張卡片來抽出他們的角色。他們不知道，他們只能抽到老師。

Next, they would be given a  sample of a light electric shock  

接下來，他們將得到一個輕度電擊的樣本

in order to experience firsthand what  the others would have to go through.

以便親身體驗其他人要經歷的事情。

To start, the experimenter and the  teacher were seated in one room,  

開始時，實驗者和教師坐在一個房間裡。

and the student was strapped  to a chair in an adjacent room.  

而該學生被綁在相鄰房間的椅子上。

The Teacher and student were able to  communicate, but not see each other.

老師和學生能夠交流，但不能看到對方。

The experimenter then gave the teacher  a list of questions. The teacher would  

然後，實驗者給老師一個問題清單。老師會

then read out the questions and the student  would press a button to indicate a response.  

然後讀出問題，學生將按下一個按鈕來表示回答。

For every false answer, the  teacher would administer a shock,  

每一個錯誤的答案，老師都會進行一次電擊。

starting at 15 volts and increasing  in 15-volt increments up to 450

從15伏開始，以15伏的速度遞增，最高可達450伏

What the teacher did not know was that the  student didn't actually receive any shocks.  

老師不知道的是，這個學生實際上並沒有受到任何衝擊。

Instead, a tape recorder was used to play various  responses. In the beginning the teacher would  

取而代之的是用錄音機來播放各種回答。在開始時，老師會

hear protest, or bangs against the wall. If shocks  would increase the reactions would become louder.  

聽到抗議聲，或撞牆聲。如果衝擊會增加，反應會變得更響亮。

And in case someone would go all the  way, the learner would fall silent.

而萬一有人會一路走下去，學習者就會陷入沉默。

In case the teacher became hesitant and asked  to stop, the experimenter would resort to the  

如果教師變得猶豫不決並要求停止，實驗者將訴諸於

following four prompts. First, he would say:  "Please continue". If that was unsuccessful,  

以下是四個提示。首先，他將說。 "請繼續"。如果不成功的話。

he would go on with: "The experiment requires  that you continue”. Then: "It is absolutely  

他將繼續說。"實驗需要你繼續"。然後。"這絕對是

essential that you continue”. And lastly:  "You have no other choice; you must go on".

你必須繼續"。最後："你沒有其他選擇，你必須繼續下去"。

Along the way, the volunteers displayed signs  of extreme tension such as sweating, trembling,  

一路上，志願者們表現出極度緊張的跡象，如出汗、顫抖。

and even uncontrollable laughing fits. The  experiment would be stopped only after all  

甚至是無法控制的笑聲。實驗只有在所有的情況下才會停止

four prompts had been used or the maximum  voltage of 450 volts had been given three times.

使用了四次提示，或最大電壓450伏已經給過三次。

Milgram found that of all participants,  100% gave at least 300 volts and 65%  

米爾格拉姆發現，在所有參與者中，100%的人至少給出了300伏的電壓，65%的人

went all the way to 450 volts. The experiment was  later criticized for being unethical because it  

一直到了450伏。該實驗後來被責備為不道德的，因為它

deceived innocent people into performing  what seem to be terrible acts of violence.

欺騙無辜的人，進行看似可怕的暴力行為。

However, his experiment was  successfully replicated many times,  

然而，他的實驗被成功複製了很多次。

involving different populations  and leading to similar findings.

涉及不同的人群，導致類似的結論。

Milgram himself left us with this to think  about: “It may be that we are puppets - puppets  

米爾格拉姆本人給我們留下了這樣的思考。"可能我們是木偶--木偶

controlled by the strings of society. But  at least we are puppets with perception,  

被社會的繩索所控制。但至少我們是有知覺的木偶。

with awareness. And perhaps our awareness  is the first step to our liberation.”

與意識。而我們的意識也許是我們解放的第一步"。

What do you think? Would you follow or  question the orders if you were one of  

你是怎麼想的？如果你是其中之一，你會遵守還是質疑這些命令？

Milgram's participants? And what can we as  a society teach future generations to help  

米爾格拉姆的參與者？作為一個社會，我們可以教給後代什麼來幫助他們？

prevent horrific acts that can happen when  ordinary people blindly follow an authority?  

防止普通人盲目追隨權威時可能發生的可怕行為？

Let us know your thoughts in the comments below.

請在下面的評論中告訴我們您的想法。

This and all other Sprouts' videos are  licensed under the Creative Commons.  

本視頻和所有其他Sprouts的視頻都在知識共享協議下授權。

That means teachers from all around the world  can use them in classrooms, online courses or 

這意味著世界各地的教師都可以在教室、在線課程或其他場合使用它們。

to start projects - and  today, thousands already do!

來啟動項目--而今天，成千上萬的人已經開始這樣做了!

To learn how it works and  download this video without  

要了解它是如何工作的，並下載這個視頻，無需

Ads or background music, checkout our  website or read the description below.

廣告或背景音樂，請查看我們的網站或閱讀以下描述。

If you want to support our  mission and help change education 

如果你想支持我們的使命並幫助改變教育

visit our Patreon - that's patreon.com/sprouts.

請訪問我們的PATREON - 即patreon.com/sprouts。