Can you tell which of them matches that first line? And how sure are you ? 

你能分辨出哪條線與第一條線一樣嗎？你有多大把握呢？

Hold that thought and listen to this story because most people can get this wrong.

把你的答案記在心裡，先來聽一聽這個故事，因為大多數人都會弄錯。

Once upon a time, on the eve of a major religious holiday, a seven-year-old boy was observing his grandmother as she poured an extra glass of wine.

很久以前，在一個重要的宗教節日的前夕，一個七歲的男孩正在觀察他的祖母，因為她多倒了一杯酒。

When the boy asked who the glass was for, she said that it was for the prophet.  

當男孩問這支玻璃杯是給誰的時候，她說是給先知的。

The boy didn't believe her, so his uncle told him to just observe the glass closely.

男孩不相信她，所以他的叔叔告訴他只需要仔細觀察玻璃杯。

Full of expectation, the boy watched the glass intently, and suddenly, he thought he saw the level of wine drop just a bit!

滿懷著期待的男孩仔細地觀察著玻璃杯，突然，他覺得他看到酒的水平面只下降了一點！

In 1951, decades after the incident, our boy became a pioneer in social psychology, determined to rationalize what actually happened that fateful night.

1951 年，在該事件幾十年後，我們的男孩成為社會心理學的先驅，決心將那個命運的夜晚實際發生的事情合理化。

Did some of the wine really disappear, or was he made to believe that?

真的有酒不見了，還是他是被逼迫相信的呢？

To find out the truth, he devised an experiment to investigate whether peer pressure can be strong enough to change our perception, and make us believe in things that are not true.

為了弄清真相，他設計了一個實驗，調查同儕壓力是否可以強大到足以改變我們的認知，讓我們相信那些不真實的東西。

Solomon Asch's conformity experiment was conducted with 123 white, male college students who were told to be part of a study in visual judgment.

Solomon Asch 的順應性實驗是針對 123 名白人男性大學生進行的，他們被告知要參與視覺判斷研究。

Each student was introduced to a group of 6-8 other students, who were, in fact, actors who already knew what the experiment was about.

每個學生都被介紹給其他 6-8 名學生，他們實際上是已經知道實驗內容的演員。

The group was then gathered in a classroom and shown two cards.

然後，該小組被聚集在一間教室裡，並向他們展示了兩張牌。

The first with one line, the second with three lines on it.

第一張有一條線，第二張上面有三條線。

Each student was then asked to say aloud which line in the second card matched that first one.

然後要求每個學生大聲說出第二張卡片中的哪一條線與第一張卡片上的線相同。

The group was seated in such a way that allowed the actors to respond first, leaving the real participant to respond last.

小組的座位採取的是讓演員首先做出回應，再讓真正的參與者最後做出回應。

For the first two rounds, the fake students, also known as confederates, gave the correct answer and the innocent student, known as the subject, said whatever he thought to be true.  

在前兩輪中，假學生，也被稱同夥，給出了正確的答案，而不知情的學生，也就是實際的實驗對象，則說出他認為對的答案。

In the third round, the actors began to respond with a clearly wrong answer.

在第三輪中，演員們開始回答明顯錯誤的答案。

For the next 12 rounds, dubbed "the critical trials", all the confederates would give the obviously wrong answer.

在接下來被稱作「關鍵審判」的 12 輪裡，所有同夥都會給出明顯錯誤的答案。

So the innocent student could either ignore the majority or ignore the truth.

所以不知情的學生可以選擇忽視多數人，或忽視真相。

So what did the experiment tell the researchers?

那麼，這個實驗告訴研究人員什麼呢？

Upon completing 18 rounds with all 123 subjects, the experiment came to the following conclusion. 

在與所有 123 名受試者完成 18 個回合後，該實驗得出了以下結論。

23% of the students always gave the right answer. 72% conformed to the majority at least once.  

23% 的學生總是給出正確的答案。 72%的人至少有一次會符合多數人的意見。

And 5% completely succumbed to peer pressure and always gave the obviously wrong answer.

而 5%的人完全屈從於同儕壓力，總是給出明顯錯誤的答案。

Asch's work also showed that if just one other acting student responded correctly, the effect of peer pressure decreased substantially.

Asch 的研究還表明，如果只有一個演戲的學生回答正確答案，同儕壓力的影響會大大降低。

The experiment also showed that the opinions of three peers are enough to influence a student to change his mind.

實驗還表明，三個同儕的意見足以影響一個學生改變主意。

Increasing the number beyond three confederates, did not increase the levels of conformity among others.

超過三個安插的演員數量並沒有提高其他人的服從性。

Or put differently; if three people say something obviously wrong and there is no one to disagree with them,

或者換個說法；如果有三個人說了明顯錯誤的答案，並且沒有人反對他們，

many of us agree with the wrong answer and start lying, due to our deeply human desire to fit in.

我們之中有許多人會同意錯誤的答案並開始撒謊，出於我們人性中迫切想融入其中的慾望。

Since then, Asch's experiment has been successfully replicated many times and the effect remains significant, especially among women and homogeneous peer groups.

從那時起，Asch 的實驗已經被成功地複製了很多次，並且其影響仍然顯著，特別是在女性和同類的同儕群體中。

In 1955, Asch famously said: "The tendency to conformity in our society is so strong that reasonably intelligent and well-meaning young people are willing to call white, black.

1955 年，Asch 說過一句著名的話：「我們社會的從眾傾向是如此強烈，以至於相當聰明和善意的年輕人願意稱白人為黑人。

This is a matter of concern. It raises questions about our ways of education and about the values that guide our conduct."

這是一個值得關注的問題。 它對我們的教育方式和指導我們行為的價值觀提出了質疑。」

What do you think? Would you have conformed or stuck to the truth?  

你是怎麼想的？你會順從還是堅持真理？

Do you see the Asch's effect in your daily life or in social media?

你在日常生活或社交媒體中有看到 Asch 的影響嗎？

And what can we as adults or educators do to give young people today the strength to stand up and speak the truth?  

作為成年人或教育工作者，我們可以做些什麼來讓今天的年輕人有能力站出來說出事實呢？

Share your thoughts in the comments below!

在下面的評論中分享你的想法！

This and all other Sprouts' videos are licensed under the Creative Commons.  

本支影片和所有其他 Sprouts 的影片都是 Creative Commons 授權播出的。

That means teachers from all around the world can use them in classrooms, online courses or to start projects - and today, thousands already do!

這表示來自世界各地的教師可以在課堂、線上課程使用它，或是開啟新的課程計畫，至今，已經有數千人這樣做了！

To learn how it works and download this video without Ads or background music, checkout our website or read the description below.

想了解它是如何運作以及下載這個沒有廣告或背景音樂的影片，請到我們的網站或查看下方的說明欄。

If you want to support our mission and help change education visit our Patreon - that's patreon.com/sprouts.

如果你想支持我們的任務並幫助改變教育，請至我們的 Patreon 贊助支持，網址是 patreon.com/sprouts。