It's probably impossible for us to get into that frame of mind to a time before tv film, photography and Tiktok when the only visual arts depicting the human form were painting and sculpture in the 16th century.

我們可能不可能進入到那個電視電影、攝影和Tiktok之前的時代，當時唯一描繪人體形態的視覺藝術是16世紀的繪畫和雕塑。

The art world in Italy and beyond had seen the high renaissance with its paintings devoted to ideal beauty, linear perspective and balanced compositions yield to mannerism and it's exaggerated form, strange juxtapositions, complex, sometimes overly sophisticated paintings that emphasized the artist's talents and fanciful impulses.

意大利和其他國家的藝術界已經看到了高度文藝復興時期的畫作，這些畫作致力於理想的美感、線性透視和平衡的構圖，向方式主義和它的誇張形式、奇怪的並置、複雜、有時過於複雜的畫作屈服，強調藝術家的天賦和幻想的衝動。

Then you walk into a church in Rome and see this.

然後你走進羅馬的一個教堂，看到這個。

It must have been shocking, maybe even too much to handle for some.

這一定是令人震驚的，也許對一些人來說甚至是難以承受的。

It's dramatic, crystal clear.

它是戲劇性的，晶瑩剔透。

So I don't know, so visceral that you feel exposed, vulnerable involved.

所以我不知道，如此內斂，你感到暴露，脆弱的參與。

It's Caravaggio's the calling of ST Matthew, you're seeing the moment that jesus christ calls Matthew the tax collector to be his disciple, as it says in Matthew 99, jesus saw a man named Matthew sitting at the tax collector's booth.

這是卡拉瓦喬的《馬太福音》，你看到的是耶穌召喚稅吏馬太做他的門徒的那一刻，正如《馬太福音》第99章所說，耶穌看到一個叫馬太的人坐在稅吏的攤位上。

Follow me, he told him and Matthew got up and followed him in the scripture.

他對他說，跟著我，馬修起身跟著他讀經。

It's an immediate reaction, but Caravaggio inserts a moment here.

這是一個即時反應，但卡拉瓦喬在這裡插入了一個時刻。

A moment of hesitation, jesus enters what looks like a tavern obscured by Saint Peter and almost entirely in shadow except for his hand arm, the side of his face and the slightest glimmer on the halo over his head, he points out Matthew who, instead of getting up and going like the gospel says, points at himself as if to say who me to the left of him.

猶豫了一會兒，耶穌進入了一個看起來像酒館的地方，被聖彼得遮住了，除了他的手、他的臉和他頭上的光環上的微光外，幾乎完全在陰影中，他指了指馬太，馬太沒有像福音書上說的那樣站起來走，而是指著自己，好像在說他左邊的是誰。

Two of his fellow money men don't even realize the divine presence has arrived, consumed by their worldly matters to Matthew's right, two young men are startled in opposite directions, one leading toward jesus and one leaning away amplifying Matthews moment of indecision.

他的兩個同伴甚至沒有意識到神聖的存在已經到來，他們被自己的世俗事務所吞噬，在馬太的右邊，兩個年輕人驚愕地朝相反的方向走去，一個走向耶穌，一個靠向遠方，放大了馬修斯的猶豫不決的時刻。

The scene makes sense right away, but Caravaggio goes much further than just intelligibility.

這一幕馬上就有了意義，但卡拉瓦喬走得更遠，不僅僅是可理解性。

What really shocks about this painting is of course the light, the intensely dramatic play of light and shadow called chiaroscuro or when it's so pronounced like this terrorism, the harsh light coming from the upper right of the canvas like divine illumination points out Matthew more forcefully than jesus does, but it's not unrealistic the opposite.

這幅畫真正讓人震驚的當然是光線，強烈的戲劇性的光影遊戲被稱為千里鏡，或者當它像這個恐怖主義一樣如此明顯時，來自畫布右上方的刺眼光線像神聖的照明一樣比耶穌更有力地指出了馬修，但這並不是不現實的相反。

In fact, it's a kind of light.

事實上，它是一種光。

We know we've seen it before.

我們知道我們以前見過它。

That color that angle, it triggers our memories of late afternoon sunlight when we're reminded how dramatic reality really is.

那個顏色那個角度，它引發了我們對午後陽光的回憶，當我們被提醒現實是多麼的戲劇化。

And what's more light from that side angle removes the need to add background space to simulate three dimensions.

更重要的是，從這個側面角度的光線，不需要增加背景空間來模擬三維空間。

The way it wraps around the characters.

它包裹著人物的方式。

Does that job just as well.

這方面的工作也做得很好。

So that Caravaggio can put a flat wall or a dark space behind his scene and his figures pop out like they're on a stage or in a dreamlike void, A kind of hyper reality.

是以，卡拉瓦喬可以在他的場景後面放一面平坦的牆或一個黑暗的空間，他的人物就像在舞臺上或在一個夢幻般的虛空中跳出來，一種超現實。

See how he achieves the same effect in this painting, Judith beheading Hello ferns or David with the head of Goliath or the crucifixion of ST peter or my personal favorite, the taking of christ which was only rediscovered in 1990 by the way.

看看他是如何在這幅畫中達到同樣的效果的，朱迪思斬殺哈羅-費恩，或大衛與歌利亞的頭，或聖彼得受難，或我個人的最愛，順便說一下，1990年才被重新發現的基督被帶走的畫。

I mean, it's like you're there crowded in that group, you can hear the medal of the knights armor, the scream of saint john fleeing, you can feel judas hand on jesus's arm, his kiss as he betrays his friend.

我的意思是，你就像擠在那群人中，你能聽到騎士盔甲的獎章，聖約翰逃離時的尖叫，你能感覺到猶大對耶穌手臂的手，他背叛朋友時的吻。

You're caught up in it.

你被捲入其中了。

You know, it's worth noting that this is exactly the kind of painting that the catholic church wanted during the counter reformation as it pushed back against protestantism.

你知道嗎，值得注意的是，這正是天主教教會在反改革時期反擊新教時想要的那種畫。

One of the council of trends decrees was that art should strive to help christians understand and reconnect with their faith with so many illiterate people.

趨勢委員會的法令之一是，藝術應該努力幫助基督徒理解並與他們的信仰重新聯繫，因為有這麼多文盲。

Painting was a crucial way to transmit the stories of catholic doctrine and Caravaggio's work is not only easily understandable, it stirs deep emotion in its immediacy, it puts passion into the passion of jesus.

繪畫是傳播天主教教義故事的重要方式，卡拉瓦喬的作品不僅容易理解，而且在其直接性中激起了深刻的情感，它將激情融入了耶穌的激情。

See Caravaggio's other great innovation was in his casting of real people in these biblical roles he painted from life.

請看卡拉瓦喬的另一個偉大的創新是他在這些聖經角色中選取了真實的人，他是根據生活來畫的。

So his mary Magdalene, for example, was someone you might see walking the streets of Rome in the year 1600 to some of this realism was vulgar, but to others looking for humanity in these stories.

是以，他的抹大拉的馬利亞，例如，是你在1600年的羅馬街頭可能看到的人，這種現實主義對一些人來說是庸俗的，但對其他人來說，在這些故事中尋找人性。

Caravaggio's figures were revelatory, heightening the feelings of identification and involvement that the church wanted from art.

卡拉瓦喬的人物形象具有啟示性，提高了教會希望從藝術中獲得的認同感和參與感。

The irony, of course, is that Caravaggio himself was a deeply sinful person by all accounts, a complete jerk given to street brawls and petulant outbursts, which often resulted in jail time.

當然，具有諷刺意味的是，據說卡拉瓦喬本人也是一個罪孽深重的人，是一個完全的混蛋，喜歡在街頭鬥毆和撒嬌，這往往導致他入獄。

In 16 06, he killed a man in a duel and was forced to flee Rome.

16 06年，他在一次決鬥中殺了一個人，被迫逃離羅馬。

He bounced around Italy after that.

此後，他在意大利各地跳槽。

Getting in trouble everywhere he went until he finally died.

他走到哪裡都會遇到麻煩，直到他最終死亡。

We think of illness in 16 10 at age 38 no doubt his pension for violent extremes contributed to the haunting renderings of violence in his work.

我們認為在16 10年38歲時的疾病，毫無疑問，他的暴力極端的養老金促成了他作品中暴力的縈繞渲染。

But the romantic stereotype of the mad and frenzied artist who dies before his time is a tired one and you can't help but wonder what he might have shown us.

但是，瘋狂和狂熱的藝術家在他的時間之前死亡的浪漫的刻板印象是一個疲憊的印象，你不禁想知道他可能向我們展示什麼。

That he just calm down and lived twice as long because what we have got is extraordinary.

他只是冷靜下來，活了兩倍的時間，因為我們得到的東西是不尋常的。

You can see that he was grappling with his sins and his faith in his work, In the taking of Christ for example, he paints himself into the scene rushing in with the guards eager to witness the betrayal, the arrest of Jesus.

你可以看到，他在作品中努力解決自己的罪和自己的信仰問題。例如，在奪取基督的過程中，他把自己描繪成與衛兵一起衝進現場，渴望見證耶穌的背叛和被捕。

He holds a lantern signifying the power of the artist to illuminate the stories that mean the most to us to make them personal realer than real.

他拿著一個燈籠，象徵著藝術家的力量，照亮對我們來說最重要的故事，使之成為比現實更真實的個人。

Maybe it is possible to know what it was like for people to see a caravaggio painting for the first time in 1605, his light has traveled 400 years through time, undimmed against.

也許有可能知道人們在1605年第一次看到卡拉瓦喬的畫是什麼樣子的，他的光已經穿越了400年的時間，沒有受到任何影響。

It were just as defenseless as they were.

它就像他們一樣毫無防備。

Hey everybody thank you so much for watching this episode was brought to you by squarespace.

大家好，非常感謝大家收看本期節目，本期節目是由squarespace為大家帶來的。

If you don't know, you can use squarespace to make really beautiful websites for anything.

如果你不知道，你可以使用squarespace來製作真正漂亮的網站，用於任何事情。

You might need a personal site, a wedding website, a site for your business or portfolio.

你可能需要一個個人網站，一個婚禮網站，一個企業或投資組合的網站。

And in just a few clicks you can have that website up and running.

只需點擊幾下，你就可以讓該網站啟動並運行。

Their design team is crafted amazing templates that work on computer browsers and on mobile, switching perfectly between the two.

他們的設計團隊精心製作了驚人的模板，在電腦瀏覽器和手機上都能使用，在兩者之間完美切換。

You can integrate your own photos and videos with just a few clicks and you can even link your social accounts so that you can auto post to twitter and facebook all from within squarespace.

你只需點擊幾下就可以整合你自己的照片和視頻，你甚至可以鏈接你的社交賬戶，這樣你就可以在squarespace內自動發佈到twitter和facebook。

Head over to squarespace dot com for a free trial.

請到squarespace dot com獲得免費試用。

And when you're ready to launch that site, go to squarespace dot com slash nerd writer for 10% off your first purchase.

當你準備好推出該網站時，去squarespace dot com slash nerd writer，第一次購買可享受10%的折扣。

Thanks guys.

謝謝大家。