Name: 我們為什麼要服從權威？- 米爾格拉姆實驗 (Why Do We Obey Authority? - The Milgram Experiments)
Uploaded: 2021-04-16T17:51:05.000Z
Duration: 9 min 18 s

Let's start with the obvious: bad things happen.

讓我們從顯而易見的事情開始：壞事發生。

When they do, it's often in our best interest to have an open discussion about why they

當他們這樣做的時候，我們最好的辦法是公開討論為什麼他們

But, some things are so bad that mainstream culture deems them unspeakable.

但是，有些事情太糟糕了，以至於主流文化認為它們是不可說的。

These are the acts that you don't even want to imagine doing.

這些都是你想都不敢想的行為。

Maybe, you don't believe your capable of doing them.

也許，你不相信你有能力做到這一點。

這些行為就是人們所說的邪惡。

I wouldn't be surprised if you thought that evil was only the product of psychopaths and

如果你認為邪惡只是心理變態者的產物，我也不會覺得奇怪

The world witnessed evil during WW2 and, more specifically, the Holocaust.

在二戰期間，世界目睹了邪惡，更具體地說，是大屠殺。

When Adolf Eichmann - one of the main figures responsible for organizing the systematic

當阿道夫-艾希曼--一個對組織有系統的大屠殺負有責任的主要人物之一。

killing of millions - was put on trial, he said that he was just following orders: this

殺害了數百萬人--他說，他只是奉命行事：這。

This statement makes you rethink the idea of evil.

這句話讓你重新思考邪惡的概念。

It transforms evil from being the work of a small minority to a product of the vast

它將邪惡從少數人的行為轉變為廣大民眾的產物。

Perhaps, evil is what happens when people stop thinking for themselves and just obey

也許，邪惡就是當人們不再為自己考慮，而只是服從的時候，會發生的事情

If so, the capacity for evil lies within all of us.

如果是這樣，邪惡的能力就在我們每個人的體內。

This is the context in which Stanley Milgram conducted his renowned experiment on obedience;

這是斯坦利-米爾格拉姆進行其著名的服從性實驗的背景。

it's a chilling experiment that reminds us that with the ability for great good comes

這是一個令人心寒的實驗，提醒我們，有能力做大好事的同時，也有能力做小事

To really understand the Milgram experiments, it helps to split it into two tests: the fake

要想真正理解米爾格拉姆實驗，把它抽成兩個測試是有幫助的：假的

There are 3 participants: the experimenter, a teacher, and a learner.

有3個參與者：實驗者、教師、學習者。

The subject that Milgram was studying was always given the role of teacher.

米爾格拉姆所研究的課題，始終被賦予了教師的角色。

The learner was an actor that was in on the experiment.

學習者是一個演員，是在實驗中。

The actual study was disguised as a fake study that was said to be testing the effects of

實際的研究被偽裝成了一項虛假的研究，說是測試效果。

Specifically, they were testing the effects of administering electric shocks on a learner's

具體來說，他們是在測試施以電擊對學習者的影響。

ability to memorize a list of word-pairs.

For example, green-flower or couch-potato.

The subject was tasked with teaching the learner this list.

學科的任務是教學習者這個單子。

The subject would go through the list once and then read off one of the words in a pair.

課題組會把清單看一遍，然後把其中的一個詞對讀下來。

If the learner guessed the word correctly, the subject would move on to the next pair.

如果學習者猜對了這個詞，主體就會進入下一對。

However, if they guessed incorrectly, the subject was supposed to administer an electric

然而，如果他們猜錯了，受試者應該施以電擊。

Shocks went up in 15V increments all the way up until 450V.

There were also corresponding labels indicating the intensity of shocks ranging from slight

也有相應的標籤表示衝擊的強度，從輕微的衝擊到輕微的衝擊。

The real test underlying this fake one was to see how far subjects would be willing to

這個假的測試背後真正的測試是看被試者願意到什麼程度。

go in administering shocks before they stopped.

At the shock level of 300V, the subject would hear the learner pounding on the wall and

在300V的衝擊水準下，受試者會聽到學習者敲打牆壁的聲音，並且

在315V的電壓下，聽到第二聲重擊。

This test was designed to put the subject in a tug of war between obeying their own

這個測試的目的是讓受試者在服從自己的拉鋸戰中

If the subject began hesitating, the experimenter used 1 of 4 prods to get him to continue.

如果受試者開始猶豫不決，實驗者就用4個道具中的1個來讓他繼續。

They ranged in intensity from simple requests to orders.

它們的強度從簡單的請求到命令不等。

The results of the test were shocking: 65% of participants administered the maximum level

測試的結果令人震驚：65%的參與者進行了最大程度的。

在300V之前，所有參與者都服從。

Various forms of Milgram's experiment have been replicated several times and continue

米爾格朗姆的各種形式的實驗已經被多次複製，並繼續進行著

Although, modifying different conditions seems to produce varying levels of obedience.

雖然，修改不同的條件似乎會產生不同程度的服從性。

After going through a lot of the literature, the question isn't do we obey, but when

在經歷了很多文獻之後，問題不是我們要不要服從，而是當

I think the best place to start is with Milgram's interpretation of the experiment.

我認為最好的起點是米爾格拉姆對實驗的解釋。

But, before you can understand it, you have to understand his view of obedience as a natural

但是，在你理解它之前，你必須理解他對服從的看法是一種自然的

Milgram believed that humans evolved the capacity to organize into social hierarchies because

米爾格拉姆認為，人類之所以進化出組織成社會等級的能力，是因為

Instead of competing as individuals, we could work together as a powerful group.

與其作為個人競爭，不如作為一個強大的團體共同合作。

In order to create these hierarchies, humans must be capable of giving up control to an

為了創造這些等級制度，人類必須有能力將控制權交給一個。

external source: this could be another person or an idea.

外部來源：這可能是另一個人或一個想法。

If two independent people give up control to a third person, the third person can coordinate

如果兩個獨立的人把控制權交給第三個人，第三個人可以協調

For example, imagine a group of cars giving up control to the commands of a traffic cop.

例如，想象一群汽車放棄控制權，聽從交警的指揮。

By giving up their personal autonomy, traffic can flow in a more coordinated fashion.

放棄個人的自主權，交通就可以更加協調地流動。

However, if they all act on their own, traffic will flow less efficiently and accidents are

但是，如果他們都各自為政，交通效率就會降低，事故就會發生。

There are social hierarchies all around you.

When you enter a hierarchy, Milgram believed that you'd undergo a critical shift in mindset

米爾格拉姆認為，當你進入一個等級制度後，你的思維方式會發生關鍵性的轉變。

from that of an autonomous individual to that of an agent.

從一個自主的個體到一個代理的個體。

When you enter a hierarchy and become an agent, you no longer feel responsible for your actions

當你進入一個層次，成為一個代理，你不再覺得自己的行為是負責任的。

This new mindset is known as the agentic state.

這種新的思維方式被稱為代理人狀態。

To understand this state, it helps to separate it into a few components: the capacity for

要理解這種狀態，把它抽成幾個部分是有幫助的：能力的。

agency, why we become an agent, the features of an agent, and what keeps us from exiting

代理，為什麼我們會成為代理，代理的特點，以及是什麼讓我們無法退出。

Milgram argues that the agentic state has been socialized in us through family, school,

米爾格拉姆認為，代理人狀態已經通過家庭、學校在我們身上社會化了。

and work because these environments value obedience, reward us for it and punish us

和工作，因為這些環境重視服從，獎勵我們服從，懲罰我們服從

So, why would you choose to become an agent?

那麼，你為什麼會選擇做代理呢？

Imagine that you're taking part in this experiment.

想象一下，你正在參加這個實驗。

If you want to the experiment to run effectively, you need to cooperate with the group.

如果你想讓實驗有效地進行，你需要與小組合作。

Recall that one of the most effective ways to coordinate a group is to designate a leader.

回顧一下，協調一個小組最有效的方法之一是指定一個領袖。

Since this is a new hierarchy that you're entering into, you know that you're not

由於這是一個新的層次結構，你要進入的，你知道你不是。

You assign that role to the experimenter because you perceive them to be a “legitimate authority”.

你把這個角色分配給實驗者，是因為你認為他們是一個 "合法的權威"。

You willingly enter this hierarchy because it has a guiding ideology that you believe

你心甘情願地進入這個等級制度，是因為它有一個你認為的指導思想。

in and would be willing to further: progress & science.

中，並願意進一步：進步與科學。

Lastly, the experimenter makes demands of you that are appropriate for the hierarchy

最後，實驗者對你提出適合層次的要求

He makes demands with regards to the experiment and not unrelated things.

他對實驗提出的要求，並不是不相關的事情。

字幕列表影片播放

我們為什麼要服從權威？- 米爾格拉姆實驗 (Why Do We Obey Authority? - The Milgram Experiments)

mindset

figure

critical

alternative