Name: 抗體。它們是如何工作的｜2021年3月18日 (Antibodies: How They Work | March 18, 2021)
Uploaded: 2021-03-18T18:40:39.000Z
Duration: 10 min 1 s

10 antibodies what they are, how they work and what they have to do with coronavirus.

10抗體它們是什麼，它們是如何工作的，它們與冠狀病毒有什麼關係。

The American Red Cross is a humanitarian group that helps people in times of emergency or disaster.

美國紅十字會是一個人道主義組織，在緊急情況或災難時幫助人們。

It recently told CNN that in the first week of March, 20% of the blood donations it received from people who had not gotten the coronavirus vaccine showed they still had antibodies to the disease.

它最近告訴美國有線電視新聞網，在3月的第一週，它從沒有得到冠狀病毒疫苗的人那裡收到的20％的捐血顯示他們仍然有對這種疾病的抗體。

The short answer is that they probably been infected with covid at some point whether they had symptoms or not.

簡短的答案是，他們可能被感染了covid在某些時候，無論他們有症狀或沒有。

The percentage of Red Cross blood donations that had antibodies present has steadily increased since last summer as more people have gotten and recovered from coronavirus.

去年夏天以來，隨著越來越多的人感染冠狀病毒並康復，紅十字會捐血中存在抗體的比例穩步上升。

Centers for Disease Control says blood donors are not a random sample of the population, so this 20% figure isn't a strict scientific study, but it does reflect the diseases spread in America.

美國疾病控制中心表示，獻血者並不是隨機抽樣的人群，所以這個20%的數字並不是一個嚴格的科學研究，但它確實反映了美國的疾病傳播情況。

For its part, the CDC estimates that by the end of 2020 more than a quarter of the US population had been infected.

疾控中心則估計，到2020年底，美國有超過四分之一的人口被感染。

It's hard to know exactly because at least 40% of people with covid may have no symptoms and may not get tested.

很難確切知道，因為至少有40%的covid患者可能沒有症狀，也可能沒有接受檢查。

Those who have been exposed can develop natural antibodies to protect them against the disease.

接觸過的人可以發展出天然的抗體來保護自己免受疾病的侵襲。

What's not known is how long these antibodies work and if they can keep people from getting different variants or strains of covid.

目前還不知道的是，這些抗體的工作時間有多長，以及它們是否能讓人們避免獲得不同變種或菌株的covid。

This is similar to what doctors say about vaccines that people who get them are protected against coronavirus.

這和醫生說的打疫苗的人可以預防冠狀病毒一樣。

But how long and whether this protects them from new strains that's still unknown in all cases, though, are antibodies may play a role.

但多久，以及這是否保護他們免受新的菌株的影響，在所有情況下，仍然是未知的，雖然，抗體可能發揮作用。

Yeah, one of the ways our immune system protects us from viruses is through antibodies.

是的，我們的免疫系統保護我們免受病毒侵害的方法之一是通過抗體。

Antibodies are proteins in our blood that attached themselves to parts of viruses that limits the infection and also alerts white blood cells to come in attack and eliminate the virus.

抗體是我們血液中的蛋白質，它附著在病毒的部分，可以限制病毒的感染，也可以提醒白血球來攻擊和消除病毒。

So in many cases, if the body encounters the same virus again, the immune system has left over antibodies that are taught and remember the previous infection.

所以在很多情況下，如果身體再次遇到同樣的病毒，免疫系統會有殘留的抗體，這些抗體會被教導並記住之前的感染。

These cells can either fight off the deadly virus directly, or they can produce more antibodies to help prevent the infection, researchers aren't entirely sure why this process works so well for some viruses, but not others are immune.

這些細胞可以直接對抗致命的病毒，也可以產生更多的抗體來幫助預防感染，研究人員並不完全清楚為什麼這個過程對某些病毒如此有效，而對其他病毒卻沒有免疫力。

System seems to remember some viruses better than others.

系統似乎對一些病毒的記憶比其他病毒更好。

A person is generally protected for life after one encounter with viruses like chicken pox or polio, However, there are some viruses that are immune systems seem to easily forget.

一般來說，一個人在遇到水痘或小兒麻痺症等病毒後，是可以終身保護的，但是，有一些病毒是免疫系統似乎很容易忘記的。

Scientists have reported that immunity could be short lived after encounters with some common seasonal coronavirus is which can cause the common cold.

科學家們報告說，免疫力可能是短暫的，遇到一些常見的季節性冠狀病毒後是可以導致普通感冒。

That could help explain why we can repeatedly get sick with something as simple as a cold.

這可以幫助解釋為什麼我們會因為感冒這樣簡單的事情而反覆生病。

Even if we think we've been exposed to cold viruses before, we could be getting exposed to new strains as well.

即使我們認為自己之前已經接觸過感冒病毒，也可能會接觸到新的病毒株。

And some viruses, like the flu, can mutate often, which means our old antibodies no longer work against new strains.

而一些病毒，比如流感，會經常發生變異，這意味著我們舊的抗體對新的病毒株不再起作用。

While most experts do believe that we're probably going to have some protection after being infected with the coronavirus, we're still not sure just how long that protection will be or how strong.

雖然大多數專家都相信我們可能會在被冠狀病毒感染後有一定的保護，但我們仍不確定這種保護會有多長時間或多強。

The scientist, Dr Ted Fujita, became best known for his research into what volcanoes, hurricanes, tornadoes or earthquakes.

科學家特德-藤田博士因研究什麼火山、颶風、龍捲風或地震而聞名。

Fujita is the namesake of the enhanced Fujita scale which characterizes the intensity of tornadoes.

藤田是表示龍捲風強度的增強藤田尺度的名稱。

我們正處於龍捲風警報或警告之下。

On Wednesday, roughly 50 million people were in the path of severe storms.

週三，大約有5000萬人處於嚴重的風暴中。

S Storm Prediction Center, a government agency that's part of the National Weather Service, issued its highest risk level for severe storms and tornadoes.

S風暴預測中心是美國國家氣象局下屬的一個政府機構，發佈了嚴重風暴和龍捲風的最高風險等級。

It hasn't done that since 2019, when the central US was hit with dozens of twisters.

自2019年以來，美國中部地區遭遇數十次颶風襲擊，還沒有這樣做過。

The worst of Wednesday's storms appeared to be headed for Mississippi and Alabama last night.

週三最嚴重的風暴似乎在昨晚前往密西西比州和阿拉巴馬州。

What that means is that strong tornadoes that stay on the ground potentially causing more destruction, were possible.

這意味著，強龍捲風留在地面上可能造成更大的破壞，是可能的。

Alabama's governor issued a state of emergency on Tuesday out of an abundance of caution.

阿拉巴馬州的州長出於謹慎，週二發佈了緊急狀態。

CNN 10 contributor Tyler Maldon explains why more rough weather could be ahead this spring.

美國有線電視新聞網（CNN）10號特約記者泰勒-馬爾登（Tyler Maldon）解釋了為什麼今年春天可能會出現更多的惡劣天氣。

Leukemia can make this year's tornado season extra feisty.

白血病會讓今年的龍捲風季節變得格外猛烈。

La Nina is when the ocean temperatures in the East, Central Pacific or cooler than normal.

拉尼娜是指東、中太平洋的海洋溫度或比正常溫度低。

It affects the world's weather patterns by altering the jet stream.

它通過改變噴氣流來影響世界的天氣模式。

In the United States, strong temperature differences tend to develop between hot, humid air in the south and cooler, drier air to the north.

在美國，南方的溼熱空氣和北方的涼爽乾燥空氣之間往往會形成強烈的溫差。

This contrast causes the jet stream to speed up, and a faster jet stream spells more severe weather outbreaks.

這種反差導致噴氣流加速，更快的噴氣流意味著更嚴重的天氣爆發。

These ingredients are in place for this year's tornado season, though tornadoes can form any time of the year.

今年的龍捲風季節，雖然龍捲風在一年中的任何時候都有可能形成，但這些成分都已具備。

We see the most tornadoes during Meteorological Spring, which runs from March through May and is known as tornado Season.

我們看到最多的龍捲風是在氣象學的春天，從3月到5月，被稱為龍捲風季節。

Unfortunately, this year's ingredients are comparable to the record setting 2011 season 2011 was the costliest tornado season ever and deadliest in a century.

不幸的是，今年的成分與2011年創下的紀錄相當2011年是有史以來最昂貴的龍捲風季節，也是百年來最致命的。

900 took place during the month of April.

More than 200 respond during the deadly April 27th outbreak.

在4月27日的致命性疫情中，有200多人響應。

The most tornadoes to form on a single day and 2011 also spawned the infamous Joplin, Missouri, tornado that caused $3 billion in damage, the most ever by a single tornado.

單日形成的龍捲風最多，2011年還催生了臭名昭著的密蘇里州喬普林龍捲風，造成30億美元的損失，是有史以來單次龍捲風最多的一次。

Understanding some key terms and preparing in advance can help ease those fears.

瞭解一些關鍵術語並提前做好準備，有助於緩解這些恐懼。

Understand the difference between a watch and warning A watch means conditions are favorable for development.

瞭解警戒與預警的區別 警戒意味著發展的有利條件。

You simply need to keep an eye out for the weather to potentially turn bad.

你只需要注意天氣有可能轉壞。

A warning means there's an imminent emergency, and you need to seek shelter immediately.

警告意味著有一個迫在眉睫的緊急情況， 你需要立即尋求庇護。

Go ahead and identify your safe place in case your place under a warning, download your favorite weather app and double check that your emergency notifications are turned on so you're alerted as soon as a warning is issued.

去確定你的安全地點，以防你的地方在警告下，下載你最喜歡的天氣應用程序，並仔細檢查你的緊急通知是否打開，以便你在發出警告時立即得到提醒。

If you can grab something sturdy to cover yourself while sheltered, do so it could prevent injuries if there's flying debris.

如果你能在躲避的時候抓住一些結實的東西遮擋住自己，這樣做可以避免在有飛來的碎片時受傷。

A new discovery has been made near the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea.

在死海西北岸附近有了新的發現。

This is a large, landlocked lake between Israel and Jordan, and there are at least 11 caves in the region where ancient biblical texts called the Dead Sea Scrolls have been found.

這是以色列和約旦之間的一個大型內陸湖泊，該地區至少有11個洞穴，在那裡發現了被稱為死海古卷的古聖經文獻。

In 1947 a shepherd boy discovered the first of these manuscripts by accident.

1947年，一個牧童意外發現了這些手稿中的第一份。

The most recent finding contains fragments from the books of the biblical prophet Zechariah and NeJame mhm.

最近的發現包含了聖經先知撒迦利亞和NeJame的書的碎片。

It's the most amazing thing I encountered, I found I've seen in my life in these remote caves near the Dead Sea, Israeli researchers found dozens of fragments of a dead sea scroll bearing biblical text written in Greek and dating back nearly 2000 years.

這是我遇到的最神奇的事情，我發現我一生中看到的死海附近的這些偏遠洞穴中，以色列研究人員發現了幾十個死海卷軸的碎片，上面有希臘文寫的聖經文字，可以追溯到近2000年前。

These new pieces of a biblical book have been unearthed for the first time in over 60 years.

這些新的聖經書碎片是60多年來首次被髮掘出來的。

What we found is new parts of the puzzle of this rather large manuscript.

我們發現的是這份頗具規模的手稿的新部分謎題。

The manuscript is of a translation into Greek.

Of the 12 minor prophets from the from the Bible, archaeologists have been working in these caves and cliffs of the Judean Desert since 2017 to prevent the looting of antiquities.

從《聖經》中的12位小先知中，自2017年以來，考古學家一直在朱迪亞沙漠的這些洞穴和懸崖上工作，防止古物被掠奪。

Survey in this scale was never conducted in the Judean Desert.

這一規模的調查從未在朱迪亞沙漠進行過。

We surveyed more than 100 kilometers of the cliffs of, uh the Judean Desert, and you can see the results.

我們調查了超過100公里的懸崖，呃，朱迪亞沙漠，你可以看到結果。

A 6000 year old skeleton of a child, rare coins and a complete basket thought to be the biggest and oldest intact basket in the world.

一具6000年前的童子骨架、稀有錢幣和一個完整的籃子，被認為是世界上最大、最古老的完整籃子。

We're looking at the basket, which is about 10,500 years old, and it's kind of huge.

我們現在看到的這個籃子，大約有10500年的歷史，它有點巨大。

It contains between 90 to 100 liters, and it's a whole intact.

它的容量在90到100升之間，它是一個完整的整體。

Centuries of a hot and dry climate means this basket, made from plant material, may yield new information on how products were stored before pottery was invented.

幾個世紀以來，炎熱乾燥的氣候意味著這個由植物材料製成的籃子可能會產生新的資訊，說明在陶器發明之前，產品是如何儲存的。

From just a few millimeters to a thumbnail in size.

These fragments may look small, but experts say they could provide a huge insight into the history before and after the time of Jesus.

這些碎片看起來很小，但專家說，它們可以為了解耶穌時代前後的歷史提供巨大的啟示。

Hadas Gold, CNN Jerusalem At first, this almost looks like an Impressionist painting of the beach, the kind of art you'd see in a coastal condominium.

哈達斯-戈德（Hadas Gold），美國有線電視新聞網（CNN）耶路撒冷訊 乍一看，這幾乎就像一幅印象派的海灘畫，是你在沿海公寓裡看到的那種藝術。

But this is a motion picture of a beach that is frozen.

但這是一部關於冰封的海灘的動圖。

The scene is a gun quick beach in southwestern Maine.

現場是緬因州西南部的一個槍快海灘。

The man who recently recorded it said it was 12 F outside at the time.

最近記錄的人說，當時外面的氣溫是12華氏度。

Salt water has to be about 28 degrees to freeze.

It has a lower freezing temperature than freshwater, so that gives you a sense of how cold it had to get to turn waves into icy ridges.

它的冰點溫度比淡水低，所以能讓你感受到它得多冷才能把海浪變成冰脊。

Oh, sure, the video makes waves, and it's really nice to look at, and you probably wouldn't get a sunburn with all that ice ice, baby.

哦，當然，這段視頻讓人眼前一亮，而且真的很好看，你可能不會被那些冰冰晒傷，寶貝。

But no one ever says jump on in the water's freezing, and that is a deceptive way to sell Isis at the beach.

但從來沒有人說在水很冷的情況下跳上去，那是一種欺騙性的方式，在海灘上銷售伊思。

So I'll hold off until the surf and the temperature are both back up I'm Carla Zeus.

所以，我將暫停，直到 海浪和溫度都回升 我是卡拉宙斯。

Evergreen High School gets today's shoutout.

 It is located on the West Coast in Vancouver, Washington. 

它位於華盛頓州溫哥華的西海岸。