our immune responses, through supplements or superfoods.

我們的免疫反應，通過補充劑或超級食品。

But is it even possible to alter how the body responds to disease

但是否有可能改變身體對疾病的反應呢？

through an immune-boosting pill or by eating blueberries?

通過增強免疫力的藥丸或通過吃藍莓？

And what about the people who take it even further?

而那些更進一步的人呢？

The biohackers experimenting with procedures such as

生物黑客實驗的程序，如。

faecal transplants -

糞便移植 -

basically taking someone else's poo as a medicine

拿別人的屎當藥吃

in an attempt to cure a range of ills.

以期治療一系列的疾病。

Dangerous experimentation or smart science?

危險的實驗還是聰明的科學？

The immune system is part of an interconnected system,

免疫系統是一個相互聯繫的系統的一部分。

running all the way through our body.

貫穿我們的身體。

Involving all our tissues, from our skin,

涉及到我們所有的組織，從皮膚。

all the way through to our toes.

一直到我們的腳趾。

And in fact, the gut has one

而事實上，腸胃有一個

of the largest resident populations

常住人口最多的國家

of immune cells in our body.

的免疫細胞在我們的身體。

Most of the body's immune cells are found in the lining of the intestine,

人體的免疫細胞大多存在於腸道內壁。

and the microbes in our gut play a crucial role

和我們腸道中的微生物起著至關重要的作用。

in keeping those immune cells of our body healthy.

在保持我們身體的這些免疫細胞健康。

And they do that by providing the key chemical signals

它們通過提供關鍵的化學信號來做到這一點。

that they get once they digest

它們消化後得到的

the good foods that we eat.

我們吃的好的食物。

So a healthy gut microbiome

所以健康的腸道微生物群

is absolutely critical to a healthy immune system.

對健康的免疫系統絕對是至關重要的。

The immune system is considered to be an organ.

免疫系統被認為是一個器官。

But unlike ever other organ in your body,

但與你身體的其他器官不同。

it's one where components

它是一個在部件

of the system

的系統

can migrate around the body.

可以遷移到身體周圍。

You don't expect that with cells from your lungs,

你不能指望你的肺部細胞能做到這一點。

from your spleen, or any other solid organ.

從你的脾臟，或任何其他固體器官。

But the beauty of the immune system

但免疫系統的美

is it has a property of immuno-surveillance.

是它具有免疫監視的屬性。

Immunological surveillance is when the cells of the immune system

免疫監視是指當免疫系統的細胞。

come together to coordinate a response to an external threat

協同應對外患

such as disease.

如疾病。

For example, your lymph nodes,

比如，你的淋巴結。

the glands that swell up when you are sick,

生病時腫脹的腺體。

are a sign of your immune system at work.

是你免疫系統工作的標誌。

We often hear messages encouraging us to boost our immune system.

我們經常聽到鼓勵我們提高免疫系統的資訊。

So, could we just take a pill to do that?

那麼，我們是不是可以直接吃藥來做呢？

When you do meet an infectious threat,

當你真的遇到傳染威脅時。

our immune response has to react quickly -

我們的免疫反應必須快速反應

to contain the threat and eradicate it.

遏制和消除這一威脅；

And you don't want it to stay on, because if it says on, it's damaging.

你也不想讓它一直開著，因為如果它說開著，就會造成傷害。

And that is what happens in allergy and autoimmune disease,

而過敏和自身免疫性疾病就是如此。

which are over-reactivity of the immune response.

這是免疫反應的過度反應。

So there is no wonder pill that is going to restore and boost one part

所以，沒有什麼奇怪的藥丸，是要恢復和促進一個部分

of the immune response to help us be super-powered,

的免疫反應，幫助我們成為超級強者。

because it's all so interconnected,

因為它是如此的相互關聯。

and the risks of getting it wrong are really quite dramatic.

而且弄錯的風險真的很劇烈。

So, instead of boosting our immune system,

所以，與其說是提高我們的免疫力。

we should focus on supporting it.

我們應該重點支持它。

Everything that we know already which is good for our health

我們已經知道的一切對我們的健康有益的東西。

will also benefit our immune system.

也會有利於我們的免疫系統。

More exercise, taken at regular intervals,

多運動，定時服用。

has been shown to boost your immune function.

已被證明可以提高你的免疫功能。

That's been shown, and that's published data.

這已經被證明了，這是公佈的數據。

Unfortunately, the modern lifestyle

不幸的是，現代生活方式

is not very good for our immune system.

對我們的免疫系統不是很好。

Our diets of convenience foods

我們的飲食習慣是方便食品

and fatty foods that are low in fibre

和低纖維的油膩食物。

alongside sedentary lifestyles with little exercise,

伴隨著很少運動的久坐生活方式。

high stress and not too much sleep - too much screen time.

壓力大，睡眠不足--螢幕時間過長。

All of these combine to make our immune response

所有這些結合起來，使我們的免疫反應

not work as it should.

不盡如人意。

Getting enough sleep and reducing stress

保持充足的睡眠，減少壓力

can help our immune system operate at an optimal level.

可以幫助我們的免疫系統運行在一個最佳水準。

And even though one blueberry won't work miracles,

儘管一顆藍莓不會創造奇蹟。

getting a variety of the right foods, is very important.

獲得各種正確的食物，是非常重要的。

To help your immunity you need to be feeding up your gut microbes,

為了幫助你的免疫力，你需要餵養你的腸道微生物。

and the best way to do this is to make them more diverse -

而最好的辦法就是讓它們變得更加多樣化-----。

give them more species.

給他們更多的物種。

And I recommend 30 different types of plant a week,

而且我建議一週吃30種不同的植物。

which gives you all the fibre you should need.

它為您提供了所有您應該需要的纖維。

Secondly, you should pick plants to eat that are high in polyphenols.

其次，應該選擇多酚含量高的植物來吃。

These are the chemicals that are naturally found in plants

這些是植物中天然存在的化學物質

that are actually rocket fuel for your gut microbes.

其實是你腸道微生物的火箭燃料。

So things like brightly coloured berries,

所以像顏色鮮豔的漿果之類的東西。

strong flavours like coffee beans,

濃郁的咖啡豆等味道。

dark chocolate and even red wine contain polyphenols.

黑巧克力甚至紅葡萄酒都含有多酚。

So, if what you eat and your gut is so important for your immune system,

所以，如果你吃的東西和你的腸胃對你的免疫系統如此重要。

why are some people transplanting other people's poo

為什麼有些人要移植別人的糞便？

into their own stomachs?

到自己的肚子裡？

Faecal microbial transplant or, colloquially, a poo transplant,

糞便微生物移植或通俗地說，就是大便移植。

is taking a sample of a stool from a normal person

是取正常人的大便樣本。

and putting it into someone who is unwell.

並將其放入身體不適的人體內。

This has been done for several decades

幾十年來一直如此

for very bad infections of the bowel, like Clostridium difficile,

用於治療非常嚴重的腸道感染，如艱難梭狀芽孢桿菌。

and it cures 90% of people.

而它能治癒90%的人。

And it's been since started to be used in a number of other conditions.

而此後也開始在其他一些條件下使用。

This is a fascinating area of research,

這是一個引人入勝的研究領域。

but definitely not to be tried at home, says Tim.

但絕對不能在家裡嘗試，蒂姆說。

I think this is an exciting new form of therapy,

我認為這是一種令人興奮的新的治療方式。

but it's always best to do this within the confines

但最好是在有限的範圍內進行。

of a medical clinic,

診所的。

where things can be supervised and the risk of side effects

在那裡，事情可以被監督和副作用的風險

or infection is extremely low.

或感染率極低。

There are some people who take risks and do do it at home,

有一些人冒著風險，在家裡做。

and those risks will be multiplied considerably.

而這些風險將大大增加。

There's a lot of hype about faecal transplants,

糞便移植有很多人在炒作。

and you mustn't believe people who say that it works with everything,

你千萬不要相信那些說什麼都能用的人。

in everybody, it certainly doesn't,

在每個人身上，當然不會。

and there are many failures in clinical trials.

而在臨床試驗中也有很多失敗的案例。

One of the ways we can effectively and safely manipulate

我們可以有效和安全地操縱的方法之一是

our immune responses is through vaccination.

我們的免疫反應是通過疫苗接種。

What a vaccine is doing is essentially giving you

疫苗的作用本質上是給你提供了

the parts of the germ that will stimulate the immune response,

細菌中能刺激免疫反應的部分。

without actually getting the full blown infection.

而沒有真正得到全面的感染。

Another thing that we can do,

另一件事，我們可以做。

is actually try to switch the immune response off.

其實是想把免疫反應關掉。

For some diseases we don't want a powerful immune response,

對於一些疾病，我們不希望有強大的免疫反應。

because that's what's causing the damage.

因為這才是造成傷害的原因。

This is exactly what's done in diseases like rheumatoid arthritis,

類風溼性關節炎等疾病正是如此。

multiple sclerosis,

多發性硬化症；

or is also being investigated in infections like Covid.

或也在調查科維德等感染。

The good news is, whilst there's no one magic pill we can take

好消息是，雖然沒有一個神奇的藥丸，我們可以採取。

to boost our immune response, the more scientists learn about

來增強我們的免疫反應，科學家們越是瞭解

how our immune system works, the more they can develop

我們的免疫系統是如何工作的，他們越能發展出

new drug treatments and therapies to combat a wide range of diseases.

新的藥物治療和療法，以防治各種疾病。

The knowledge of science is actually leading to all sorts of wonderful

科學的知識其實是在引導著各種美好的事物。

new possibilities to help treat us and win the war against infection.

新的可能性，以幫助治療我們並贏得抗感染的戰爭。