Name: 在線約會可以拯救科霍鮭魚 (Online Dating Could Save Coho Salmon)
Uploaded: 2020-11-11T19:20:48.000Z
Duration: 6 min 22 s

The West Coast of the United States was once teeming with salmon populations from Baja

美國西海岸曾經盛產來自巴哈的鮭魚種群。

California to Alaska. 75 years ago, up to 400,000 coho salmon would return to spawn

加州到阿拉斯加75年前，多達40萬條大馬哈魚會回到這裡產卵。

But in the last 20 years, those numbers have dropped to as low as 3000 in the 1990s, and

但在過去的20年裡，這些數字已經降到了90年代的3000人，而且。

These fish are not only an incredible symbol of the region.

這些魚不僅是該地區的一個不可思議的象徵。

They're also an important indicator for the health of their entire ecosystem.

它們也是整個生態系統健康的重要指標。

Now, in order to save them from the brink of extinction, a group of experts devised a

現在，為了把它們從瀕臨滅絕的邊緣拯救出來，一群專家設計出了一種方法

fish matchmaking service of sorts, complete with DNA profiles and tiny barcodes.

魚類相親服務，完成DNA資料和微小的條碼。

Coho are a real iconic species, well salmon in general, are iconic species of California and

Coho是真正的標誌性物種，好吧，一般的三文魚，是加州的標誌性物種，也是加州的標誌性物種

the Pacific Northwest and California has some of the most southern populations of salmon

西北太平洋和加利福尼亞擁有最南部的鮭魚種群。

They are kind of an indicator of water quality and habitat availability, not just for themselves

它們是水質和棲息地可用性的一種指標，而不僅僅是為了自己。

but for all animals and plants that rely on these coastal watersheds in California.

但對於所有依賴加州這些沿海流域的動物和植物來說。

But for such an important species, the human race hasn't been too kind to them,

但對於這樣一個重要的物種，人類對它們並沒有太好感。

there has been a long history of land management practices that have been really harmful to

長期以來，土地管理的做法一直是真正有害的。

them over the years we've built dams that have blocked them from a lot of their historical

多年來，我們修建了大壩，阻擋了他們的很多歷史性的東西

We're diverting water that they need to survive in the summertime and a lot of watersheds.

我們正在轉移它們在夏季和很多流域生存所需的水。

There's kind of a laundry list of things insults that have been foisted upon them over the

有種一連串的事情 侮辱，已被強加給他們在

Part of what has made salmon such an icon for California is that they're ridiculously heart animal.

三文魚之所以能成為加州的標誌，部分原因是它們是可笑的心臟動物。

Starting their lives in a river, they can migrate more than 1000 miles to the ocean,

它們在河流中開始生活，可以遷移1000多英里到海洋。

only to return all the way back to their home river, about a year and a half later.

卻在大約一年半後，一路返回家鄉河邊。

They survive predators from bears to sharks to fishermen and shift easily from freshwater

它們在從熊到鯊魚再到漁民的捕食中生存，並且很容易從淡水中轉移到其他地方。

to saltwater, warm coastal waters to the frigid ocean.

從鹽水，溫暖的沿海水域到寒冷的海洋。

It's only with these more recent land management practices and overfishing that they've lost

只是因為最近的土地管理方法和過度捕撈，他們才失去了。

And here in Northern California coho salmon populations have dropped to a dangerous level.

而在北加州，大馬哈魚的數量已經下降到一個危險的水準。

So now the fight is on not only to increase their numbers, but ensure they're healthy

所以現在不僅要增加它們的數量，還要保證它們的健康。

and strong enough to make the annual journey to and from the Pacific Ocean.

並堅強地完成每年往返太平洋的旅程。

Many groups from around the state came together to help with an innovative breeding program

來自全州的許多團體一起幫助一個創新的育種計劃。

We're collecting DNA from them so that we can sequence their DNA and create a profile

我們正在收集他們的DNA，這樣我們就可以對他們的DNA進行測序，並建立一個檔案。

for each individual, and then every individual in the population will be kind of stacked

每一個個體，然後每一個個體在人群中會是一種堆積的

the males and females that are most distantly related to maximize the amount of outbreeding

雌雄遠親，以達到最大限度的雜交。

So, picture an online dating website crossed with a DNA sequencing service, but you know, for

所以，想象一下一個在線約會網站與DNA測序服務的交叉，但你知道，對於。

And it all starts with a collecting expedition.

而這一切都要從收集考察開始。

once the wild fish had been born in the watershed, and they're probably around...

一旦野生魚出生在流域， 他們可能在附近... ...

Yeah, they're about six or seven months old.

We're going out and looking for those fish and capturing some portion of the young wild

我們要出去尋找那些魚，並捕捉一部分年輕的野生魚。

fish that are out there, and bringing them into the hatchery.

魚是在那裡，並把它們帶進孵化場。

The teams will carry these young coho down the mountain on their backs and bring them

隊員們將揹著這些年輕的庫克魚下山，然後把它們帶到

here, where their DNA information will be taken and eventually matched with an unrelated

在這裡，他們的DNA資訊將被採集，並最終與一個沒有血緣關係的人進行匹配。

So they sequence all the DNA and then look at the different alleles, and they use that

所以他們對所有的DNA進行測序，然後觀察不同的等位基因，然後他們利用這些基因

information to create kind of metrics of relatedness between individual fish in the same way that

的資訊，以創建一種度量個體魚之間的關聯性，以同樣的方式。

if you submitted a DNA sample and your mom and your mom's sister and your mom's brother

如果你提交了DNA樣本，你的媽媽和你媽媽的妹妹和你媽媽的兄弟

did they would be able to figure out how you were related it's the same kind of process

他們就能查出你們的關係，這也是同樣的過程。

So we're able to identify brothers and sisters, full siblings, half siblings, first cousins,

所以我們能夠辨別兄弟姐妹、嫡親兄弟姐妹、同父異母兄弟姐妹、嫡親表兄弟姐妹。

etc using that information, and then every individual in the population will be kind

等使用這些資訊，那麼人口中的每一個個體都會善良的。

And we're going to be looking to help breed the males and females that are most distantly

而我們要尋找幫助繁殖的雄性和雌性是最遙遠的。

related to maximize the amount of outbreeding and genetic diversity in the population.

有關，以最大限度地提高種群的出苗量和遺傳多樣性。

This might sound like an awful lot of work just to breed some fish, but genetic diversity

這可能聽起來像一個可怕的很多工作 只是為了培育一些魚， 但遺傳多樣性。

is the only chance the species has for survival.

When populations shrink, so does the amount of mates to choose from, which will eventually

當人口減少時，可供選擇的配偶數量也會減少，這最終將使

lead to inbreeding and inbreeding could result in passing on harmful recessive genes to future

導致近親繁殖，而近親繁殖可能導致將有害的隱性基因傳遞給未來的

That's a bad thing because if brothers and sisters or first cousins are reproducing

這是件壞事，因為如果兄弟姐妹或大表兄妹在繁殖

together, it really reduces the fitness of the offspring so they can have deformities

一起，真的會降低後代的體質，所以他們會出現畸形

like problems with their fins, they can be more vulnerable to disease, it just really

像他們的鰭的問題，他們可以更容易受到疾病的影響，它只是真的。

dramatically reduces their ability to make it to an adult and reproduce themselves.

大大降低了他們成年後自我繁殖的能力。

And without salmon, the multiple ecosystems where they live could suffer because not only

而如果沒有三文魚，它們生活的多個生態系統就會受到影響，因為不僅如此

have they been historically important food source for us humans, but their lives and

它們在歷史上是我們人類重要的食物來源，但它們的生活和

deaths by a vital role in the survival of both flora and fauna.

對動植物的生存起著至關重要的作用。

When they come back as adults, they spawn in rivers coho salmon die pretty shortly thereafter,

當它們成年後回來，它們在河流中產卵的時候，大馬哈魚很快就會死去。

and they're a really important source of nutrients to the terrestrial forest environment.

他們是一個非常重要的來源 營養物質的陸地森林環境。

So in order to protect this critical species, and really, all critical species.

所以，為了保護這個關鍵物種，實際上，所有關鍵物種。

We need to help grow the population in a healthy way teams are raising a few generations of

我們要幫助人口健康成長，團隊正在培養幾代人的

young coho here at the hatchery and will start returning fish to the wild this winter genetically

孵化場裡的小浣熊魚，並將在今年冬天開始將魚送回野外進行遺傳學研究

diverse partners will be released together to breed in the wild naturally, hopefully

不同的夥伴將一起被釋放，在野外自然繁殖，希望

increasing the fitness and survival of their offspring.

提高其後代的體質和生存能力；

The hope is that this DNA program will be the thing that eventually revitalizes these

希望這個DNA計劃能成為最終振興這些的東西。

The goal is to get this population back up to their original numbers, and that may take

我們的目標是讓這些人口恢復到原來的數量，這可能需要...

In the meantime, we can try to do our part.

同時，我們可以嘗試著儘自己的一份力量。

People can certainly support conservation organizations that are working to rehabilitate

人們當然可以支持那些致力於修復的保護組織。

these species and their habitats, and also take your kids out to see them in the wild,

這些物種和它們的棲息地，還可以帶著你的孩子去野外看它們。

and help kids develop a passion for nature and for salmon and protecting them

並幫助孩子們培養對自然、對三文魚的熱情，保護它們。