Name: 亞馬遜河的破壞，解釋 (The destruction of the Amazon, explained)
Uploaded: 2020-11-02T18:05:52.000Z
Duration: 11 min 45 s

"And in South America tonight, an environmental problem

"而今晚在南美洲，一個環境問題是：

"The destruction of the Amazon rainforest."

In the 1980s, the world learned that the Amazon was in danger.

20世紀80年代，全世界都知道亞馬遜河處於危險之中。

"Trees are falling at a startling rate..."

"樹木正在以驚人的速度倒下..."

"... an area twice the size of Belgium..."

"我們呼吸的氧氣的五分之一。"

"Half of the species of life on earth is in these forests."

"地球上一半的生命物種都在這些森林裡"

"...An ecosystem the entire world needs for its survival."

"......整個世界的生存所需的生態系統。"

By the 1990s, it seemed like it was too late.

"More than twice as fast as previously believed."

"比之前認為的速度快了一倍多。"

"一旦消失了，就永遠消失了。"

"The annual destruction rate of the Amazon rainforest has dropped...

"亞馬遜雨林的年破壞率已經下降... ...

"The lowest rate of deforestation since records began."

"有記錄以來最低的森林砍伐率"

"The Amazon could achieve the end of deforestation.

"亞馬遜可以實現森林砍伐的終結。

But in order to keep it safe, there was one condition:

但為了保證安全，有一個條件。

"Protecting the forest is a continual process."

"保護森林是一個持續的過程"。

"...as more and more trees are cut down."

"... ... 隨著越來越多的樹木被砍伐。"

"Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest hit its highest rate in a decade."

"亞馬遜雨林的森林砍伐速度創下十年來的最高紀錄。"

Today, the Amazon is being destroyed, all over again.

The first wave of deforestation started in the 1970s.

第一波毀林潮始於20世紀70年代。

That's when Brazil's military regime saw the potential for profit deep in the Amazon.

這時，巴西的軍事政權看到了亞馬遜深處的潛在利潤。

There were almost 5 million square kilometers of rainforest filled with natural resources.

有近500萬平方公里的雨林，充滿了自然資源。

food, fiber, and forest resources are vast."

So the government started building the Trans-Amazonian Highway

於是政府開始修建跨亞馬遜公路

run for 3200 kilometers connecting remote parts of the rainforest.

跑了3200公里，連接雨林的偏遠地區。

At the time, most of Brazil's population lived in the southeast; in cities like

當時，巴西的大部分人口都生活在東南部；在城市中，如

And the government wanted to move people out here - to cultivate the land and grow the economy.

而政府也想把人遷到這裡來--開墾土地，發展經濟。

So they offered free land along the highway and paid Brazilians to settle deeper in the rainforest.

於是，他們提供公路沿線的免費土地，並支付巴西人到雨林深處定居。

而他們引發了一場搶地盤的熱潮。

As the road advanced, settlers followed, rapidly clearing the forest around it.

隨著道路的推進，定居者們也緊隨其後，迅速清理了周圍的森林。

Most of them turned the land into pasture, where they raised cows to sell as beef.

他們中的大多數人把土地變成了牧場，在那裡養牛當牛肉賣。

And when these ranchers needed more land, they seized another plot, cleared it, and moved their cattle in.

而當這些牧場主需要更多的土地時，他們就會搶佔另一塊地，清理土地，然後把牛群搬進去。

This expansion deeper into the Amazon drove up deforestation.

這種向亞馬遜深處的擴張促使森林砍伐加劇。

Between 1978 and 1988, an average of over 20,000 square kilometers were cut down each year.

1978年至1988年，平均每年砍伐2萬多平方公里。

Over time this area became known as the Arc of Deforestation.

隨著時間的推移，這個地區被稱為 "森林之弧"。

And soon, a different product pushed this even further.

而很快，一款不同的產品將這一點推得更遠。

People around the world were eating more meat, decade after decade.

全世界的人都在吃更多的肉，十幾年過去了。

That trend raised the need for more soybeans; which served as high-protein feed for farmed animals.

這種趨勢提高了對更多大豆的需求；大豆作為養殖動物的高蛋白飼料。

This created a huge opportunity for countries most suitable for growing soybeans,

這給最適合種植大豆的國家帶來了巨大的機遇。

Soybean exports from Brazil shot up in the mid '90s, boosting the economy.

90年代中期，巴西的大豆出口猛增，促進了經濟的發展。

By the early 2000s, farmers took over these pastures and turned them into massive soy farms.

到了2000年代初，農民們接管了這些牧場，並把它們變成了大規模的大豆農場。

And the ranchers who sold their pastures, moved their cattle further into the rainforest,

而那些賣掉牧場的牧民，則把牛群移到更遠的雨林裡。

clearing more of the Amazon, often illegally.

清理更多的亞馬遜地區，往往是非法的。

This aggressive expansion created a profitable pattern in the Amazon.

這種積極的擴張創造了亞馬遜的盈利模式。

But it came at the cost of the rainforest.

By the early 2000s, Brazil's beef and soy industries were driving a booming economy,

到了2000年代初，巴西的牛肉和大豆產業帶動了經濟的蓬勃發展。

as well as unprecedented rates of deforestation...

以及前所未有的森林砍伐速度......。

Which caused this arc to expand further north.

導致這條弧線進一步向北擴展。

The staggering deforestation in the Amazon attracted fierce resistance from environmental groups.

亞馬遜地區驚人的森林砍伐行為，引來了環保組織的激烈抵制。

"An area of ancient forest, the size of a football field

"一片古老的森林，有一個足球場那麼大。

The Brazilian government, under president Lula da Silva, finally stepped in.

巴西政府在總統盧拉-達席爾瓦的上司下，終於出手了。

She was Brazil's Environment Minister in 2003, when she helped craft a plan to stop deforestation.

她在2003年擔任巴西環境部長，當時她幫助制定了一項停止砍伐森林的計劃。

It started with the government expanding the amount of rainforest under protection.

首先是政府擴大雨林的保護量。

At the time, only about 28% was protected, and there was very little oversight.

當時只保護了28%左右，很少有監督。

But this new plan added more reserves, where business activities were strictly banned,

但這個新的計劃增加了更多的儲備，嚴禁商業活動。

and also created more sustainable-use reserves, where some businesses,

並還建立了更多的可持續利用儲備，一些企業。

like Brazillian nut harvesting and rubber-tapping, which didn't destroy the rainforest, were allowed.

像巴西堅果採摘和橡膠挖掘，沒有破壞雨林，被允許。

More land was also demarcated for indigenous people, who preserved the forest.

還為土著人劃定了更多的土地，他們保護了森林。

Over time, hundreds of new protected lands were added, transforming the Amazon into a

隨著時間的推移，又增加了數百個新的保護地，使亞馬遜河變成了一個新的保護地。

Eventually, almost half the Amazon would be put under some form of protection,

最終，幾乎一半的亞馬遜地區將被置於某種形式的保護之下。

while the rest of it remained a mix of pasture, farms and rainforest.

而其餘的地方仍然是牧場、農場和雨林的混合體。

To prevent further deforestation here, the government strengthened the Forest Code:

為了防止這裡的森林被進一步砍伐，政府加強了《森林法》。

which said landowners could only clear 20% of their private land.

其中說，地主只能清理20%的私人土地。

This law was monitored by the Forest Service, which was part of the Environmental Ministry,

這部法律由環境部下屬的林業局負責監督。

which had jurisdiction over all of these protected lands.

它對所有這些受保護的土地擁有管轄權。

And the key to enforcing this entire plan was strengthening IBAMA:

而執行這整個計劃的關鍵是加強IBAMA。

a police agency that would track and fine people for illegal deforestation.

建立一個警察機構，對非法砍伐森林的人進行跟蹤和罰款；

with deforestation rates falling by more than half in 2006.

2006年，森林砍伐率下降了一半以上；

At the same time, an activist movement was forcing the agricultural industry

與此同時，一場積極的運動正在迫使農業產業

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亞馬遜河的破壞，解釋 (The destruction of the Amazon, explained)

entire

sustainable

aggressive

productive