Name: 科學革命。歐洲歷史速成班 #12 (Scientific Revolution: Crash Course European History #12)
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Hi I'm John Green and this is Crash Course European History.

關係子句

We've had the Black Death, the 116 Years' War, a series of religious wars that culminated

with a 30 Years War that killed 20% of Central Europe.

We've had the little ice age and witch murdering mania and the Atlantic slave trade but now,

now we get to turn our attention to the scientific revolution, which profoundly reshaped our

understanding of the universe and ourselves.

At last, we are going to make real, undeniable progress.

Oh, Stan tells me that many of these scientists were persecuted for sciencing.

But that doesn't stop humans from developing the central insight that reshapes human history.

It's about to get really heliocentric around here...

[Intro] Before we get into the scientific revolution,

I just want to make one broad comment that might be obvious if you've watched previous

videos in this series: For most of human history, people did not expect to live healthier or

more prosperous lives than previous generations.

Sometimes life got better, and sometimes it got worse.

It's true that human populations were increasing and that life expectancy was increasing gradually,

but the idea that it is normal for human life to get better over time is very new.

Today, most European countries have high life expectancy, low maternal mortality, and low

But there have been about 10,000 generations of humans, and we are perhaps the 10th generation

who could reliably expect disease burden and child mortality and poverty to steadily decrease

But regardless, we owe much of this change to the Scientific Revolution.

So, like the Reformation, the Scientific Revolution was another break with religious teachings.

The Catholic Church taught that the earth was the center of the universe and had been

The sun, moon, and planets traveled around the earth in perfectly circular orbits like

And beyond the onion was the realm of the divine, whose light pierced through in the

All this perfect motion was the work of God Himself.

And any other understanding of the universe was thus a challenge to God's eternal perfection

But, like good Renaissance people, the new astronomers, mathematicians, and their colleagues

in other fields declared that old theories needed to be reexamined.

The first problem was that the perfect orbits of the planets, and moon, and sun did not

fit with observation, causing astronomers to resort to ancient Ptolemaic explanations

(basically that planets followed their own circular paths, which also revolved around

Just before his death in 1543, Polish-born Nicholas Copernicus, a well-connected doctor

of canon law and researcher in mathematics, and astronomy, and classical literature, published

On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres.

He noted problems with classical astronomical theory and determined that the universe was

“heliocentric”—that is, the sun, rather than the earth, was at the center.

The Catholic Church's reaction to this was negative: the Italian monk Giordano Bruno,

for instance, was burned at the stake in 1600 for teaching Copernicus's heliocentric findings.

But even earlier than that, in 1572, Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe spotted a new star

and in 1577 a new comet, further confirmation that the universe was not immutably and perfectly

Then, Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion announced early in the seventeenth

century that the orbits of the planets were elliptical—not perfectly circular.

The solar system was a solar system, and it wasn't an onion.

Something other than divine will was keeping the planets apart and in motion.

By this time, the observations of Galileo Galilei were bringing matters to a head.

Galileo was obsessed with science, especially its mathematical features and the

calculations at the base of Copernicus's heliocentric theory.

Galileo's father had wanted him to become a doctor but mathematics drew him in.

He invented many tools like an early thermometer and his own telescope, which he used to dramatically

improve human understanding of the universe -he was the first person to observe the moons

of Jupiter, and the first to understand that the Milky Way was a collection of stars.

The telescope also showed irregular spots on the sun, a further sign of heavenly imperfections

that went against the beliefs espoused by the Catholic Church.

Despite Galileo's prestige as a mathematician, his work on the nature of the universe went

In 1615, Galileo went to Rome to teach the clergy about the heliocentric universe and

In 1616, it was condemned as heretical and Galileo promised not to teach that the earth

But, in 1632, he published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems in which he described

the Ptolemaic system on which the Church based its earth-centered astronomical teachings

In 1636, the Roman Inquisition found him guilty of heresy and forced him to recant in order

In 1992, after a 13 year investigation, the Catholic Church finally publicly acknowledged

that the judgment against him had been wrong."

Centuries later, Albert Einstein would write, “All knowledge of reality starts from experience

… Because Galileo saw this, and particularly because he drummed it into the scientific

world, he is the father of modern physics--indeed, of modern science altogether.”

We talk about this at length of course in our history of science series, but for our

purposes here it's important to understand that Galileo and other scientists used experimentation

and mathematical calculation to confirm or refute hypotheses--and that scientific method

The scientific approach also spread to other fields of inquiry.

Ancient medical theories began to unravel, as English medical doctor William Harvey pronounced

the heart to be a pump based on dissections he'd performed.

He called the heart “a piece of Machinery” that worked according to natural laws.

But it's important to note that even as mechanical theories took hold, prominent “new”

scientists continued to believed in unseen forces at work in the universe.

For example, astrology, positing that the planets and stars influenced people and events,

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科學革命。歐洲歷史速成班 #12 (Scientific Revolution: Crash Course European History #12)

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