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Try and see if you can find the real tablet on this screen.
你能在畫面裡找到真正的藥丸嗎?
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If you guessed any of these, you're wrong, because these are all tic-tacs!
如果你認為自己猜對了,那麼你錯了。因為這些全都是薄荷糖!
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But if I was a medical professional handing over some tablets to cure your headache or the morning after pill (you wouldn't want that to be a tic-tacs),
但如果我是個醫藥專家,並用這些「藥丸」治療你的頭痛,或是用作事後避孕藥(你不會想吃成薄荷糖的),
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how would you know that it's the real deal?
如何知道自己沒有被騙呢?
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This is where the placebo effect takes place.
這就是安慰劑發揮效果的關鍵點。
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Could a doctor give you a pill which is actually a sugar pill (or tic-tac if you say it's supposed to be minty) and cure their patient?
醫生能不能給病人一顆看似是藥丸,實際上卻是糖果(或是薄荷糖,如果你堅持要薄荷味的話)卻仍然能治癒病人呢?
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In one study conducted around the placebo effect, it was found that if doctors said that the patient would "feel better in a few more days" that patients recovery was increased
在一項安慰劑效應的研究中發現,要是醫生對病人說:「吃了這個藥,幾天後就會好一點了。」
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than saying something like "this isn't going to help you at all."
病人的痊癒情況會比醫生說:「就算吃了藥,也不會對你有任何幫助。」好上許多。
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Some studies have even shown that the amount you have to take, the size, how many you have to take a day, what box the drug comes in
有些研究更顯示,病人的用藥量、藥丸大小、一天服藥次數、藥品包裝,
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and even the colour of the pill can make the effect stronger or weaker.
甚至是藥丸顏色,都影響藥丸的效果。
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Even things like getting an injection instead of taking a pill can have a stronger effect, even though they're all medically ineffective.
就連以打針替代服藥這樣的改變,都能使效力倍增,即使打的針本身並不具有任何效果。
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So does that mean our heads can just heal our bodies?
這是不是代表我們的腦袋能自行治癒身體呢?
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Some research suggests that the placebo effect works because the body releases endorphins, not to be confused with dolphins.
有些研究指出,安慰劑效應能發揮效果是因為人體會分泌腦內啡,別跟跟海豚搞混了。(兩者英文讀音相似)
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Endorphins are the body's natural pain killers and could be why the placebo effect works quite well when we're trying to get rid of the pain.
腦內啡就像人體自然產生的止痛藥,也是安慰劑效應在我們想止痛時能生效的原因。
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One study found that those who were given a real drug which increased their hormone level had the same amount of increase when they were given a placebo tablet later on.
研究指出,服用賀爾蒙藥丸與服用安慰劑的病人,兩者身體所增加的賀爾蒙量一樣多。
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The same study found that those who didn't get the initial hormonal increase drug didn't see their hormone levels increase.
但同項研究也發現,有部分沒有服用賀爾蒙藥物的人,賀爾蒙指數並沒有增加。
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The placebo effect doesn't work for everyone,
這顯示安慰劑效應並不適用於所有人,
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but it's interesting to think that perhaps if we learnt more about it we could eventually cure ourselves with the power of our brains,
但有趣的是,如果我們更加了解這個效應,也許最終就能運用大腦本身的力量讓身體痊癒,
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which would be much more useful than having to deal with the side-effects of the tablets we take today.
這將比現今仍須服藥物,並承受其副作用的治療方式有效得多。