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  • bjbjLULU JEFFREY BROWN: Scientific experiment with chimpanzees, it's been a subject of hope

  • and debate for years. In recent months, the federal government has moved to limit some

  • of the research it funds with chimps, but questions remain about whether it should occur

  • under any circumstances. NewsHour science correspondent Miles O'Brien has our look.

  • MILES O BRIEN: There are no other animals quite like them, except us. They share 99

  • percent of our DNA, and it shows. They scheme, plot and fight. They care for their babies,

  • and they grieve their dead. And they love a good game of catch, emphasis on good, as

  • I discovered. Queenie had little patience for my wild pitches. WOMAN: Did you see her

  • stomp her foot? MILES O BRIEN: She's very mad at me. (LAUGHTER) MILES O BRIEN: I don't

  • blame her. Those very similarities are at the core of a heated debate over whether scientists

  • should keep using chimpanzees for scientific and medical research. Do we owe our cousins

  • something more? Here, they say we do. Welcome to Chimp Haven near Shreveport, La., a 200-acre

  • oasis of tall trees and hidden daily treats for about 130 chimpanzees. Haven co-founder

  • Amy Fultz put me to work making a chimp Easter egg hunt of sorts. They would eat termites

  • this way, right? AMY FULTZ, co-founder, Chimp Haven: In the wild, yes, and ants. And actually,

  • the chimpanzees here at Chimp Haven have been fishing for fire ants. And they do eat the

  • ants. (LAUGHTER) MILES O BRIEN: It's kind of like Mexican food, I will bet, huh? (LAUGHTER)

  • MILES O BRIEN: In short order, the chimps were let loose, and the treats were clearly

  • a hit. Linda Brent is president and director of Chimp Haven. She will never forget when

  • the first chimps arrived here in 2005. LINDA BRENT, director and president, Chimp Haven:

  • They just poured out of their indoor enclosure out into the forest, all of them. And they

  • ran all the way down. Several of them stopped a couple times and just did this wide-eyed

  • wonder that they were out here and kind of free, finally free. MILES O BRIEN: The chimps

  • here sure have earned it. Most of them have lived hard lives as test subjects in scientific

  • and medical research. AMY FULTZ: Well, some of the chimpanzees when they first arrive

  • are actually afraid to put their feet down on the grass. MILES O BRIEN: Really? AMY FULTZ:

  • Yes. They haven't had that opportunity and some of them will stick close to the cement

  • and the wire mesh. MILES O BRIEN: That's all they known, in other words? AMY FULTZ: Yes.

  • MILES O BRIEN: Cement and wire mesh is all they have known? AMY FULTZ: Yes. MILES O BRIEN:

  • Take a look at Chris. This is how she spends her time outside, alone, clinging to a 17-foot-high

  • concrete wall, apparently traumatized. Over the years, scientists have put chimps in harm's

  • way in the name of research that benefits humans. They played a key role in the early

  • days of the space race, the hunt for a polio vaccine, and, later, treatments for HIV and

  • hepatitis as well. But, in recent years, Japan, Europe and the U.K. have all ended the practice,

  • leaving the U.S. and Gabon the only two nations that allow scientists to conduct tests on

  • chimpanzees, but maybe not for long. JEFFREY KAHN, Johns Hopkins University: If this committee

  • had been tasked to do what it was asked to do five years from now, we probably would

  • have said there is no longer any need for the use of chimpanzees. Much of how we came

  • to talk about ethics in public health was informed by sort of the bioethics approach.

  • MILES O BRIEN: Jeffrey Kahn is a professor of bioethics at Johns Hopkins University.

  • He chaired a blue-ribbon committee for the Institute of Medicine that took a hard look

  • at chimpanzee testing in the U.S. as the outcry from animal rights activists reached a crescendo.

  • JEFFREY KAHN: We did acknowledge that, from the perspective of this committee, the fact

  • that chimpanzees are very close to humans gives them a different status. MILES O BRIEN:

  • In late 2011, the committee laid out strict guidelines for chimp testing. The research

  • must be done only when it's lifesaving, it can't be done ethically in humans, there are

  • no other models, and the animals are socially and humanely housed. When the report arrived

  • here at the National Institutes of Health, they embraced the new rules almost immediately

  • and formed a working group to examine the 40 research projects that currently rely on

  • chimp testing. James Anderson oversees that group. JAMES ANDERSON, National Institutes

  • of Health: But the first task of this working group is to review all of those one at a time,

  • and hold them up against the IOM principles and say -- and tell us this is consistent

  • or this is not consistent. And if they're not consistent, then we will work with the

  • investigators to close down the project. MILES O BRIEN: When the new rules are applied, there

  • are very few research projects that make the grade. And most of them have something to

  • do with the hunt for a vaccine for hepatitis C. Right now, chimpanzees are the only laboratory

  • animal that can be infected with the virus, although it doesn't make them sick. ROBERT

  • LANFORD, Texas Biomedical Research Institute: I do appreciate the sentiment that goes with

  • chimpanzees. I feel it. I go home and say, are we still on the right track? Are we still

  • doing the right research and is it absolutely required? And I come back and I say, yes.

  • So, which gene have you been cloning recently from the marmoset? MILES O BRIEN: Robert Lanford

  • is a scientist at the Texas Biomedical Research Institute, where they house about 3,000 primates

  • that are used for research, baboons, rhesus monkeys, and about 150 chimpanzees. Sabrina

  • Bourgeois is one of the people here whose sole job is ensuring the chimpanzees are healthy

  • and happy. SABRINA BOURGEOIS, Texas Biomedical Research Institute: I would say absolutely

  • some of my best friends are chimpanzees, for sure. MILES O BRIEN: Really? SABRINA BOURGEOIS:

  • On a bad day, I absolutely come and seek out my friends. Oh, you don't want it? You want

  • something different? MILES O BRIEN: The attention, toys, push-pops and primate friends make it

  • all seem like Chimp Haven. But there was an awful lot they wouldn't let us see here. None

  • of these chimps are in the midst of a scientific study. We drove by the compound where that

  • happens, but we were not allowed to go inside, much less record video of any active research

  • or medical procedures. MILES O BRIEN: Is there something we're not seeing here that you d

  • rather us not see? ROBERT LANFORD: It's not that we're trying to hide something. It's

  • that we have a mission here that is to prove -- improve human health care. And we believe

  • that when people see that picture, they can't listen to the mission anymore. WOMAN: We were

  • allowed to watch one of Lanford's experiments. MILES O BRIEN: Maybe so. Our trip did come

  • on the heels of an NBC News report which showed this: one chimp getting sedated, blacking

  • out and crashing to the ground, and another getting blood drawn while unconscious on a

  • table. And take a look at this dramatic video of a sedation at another research facility.

  • This came from an undercover investigation by the Humane Society. ROBERT LANFORD: They

  • see that, and their empathy as a human automatically goes out to that animal and says, this doesn't

  • look good. MILES O BRIEN: So is it cruel or not? Well that depends who you ask. Sabrina

  • Bourgeois is unequivocal. So they're not suffering? SABRINA BOURGEOIS: No, I don't believe -- I

  • couldn't work here if they were. I really couldn't. I genuinely care and love these

  • animals. I think a lot of us wouldn't be here, the majority of us would never be here, those

  • who work with animals wouldn't be here if they suffered. MILES O BRIEN: But they do

  • endure repeated sedations and biopsies. Medical files uncovered by the Physicians Committee

  • for Responsible Medicine tell some grim stories. Take Rosie, for example. At 30 years old,

  • she has endured 15 liver biopsies, multiple blood draws, and 99 sedations, several resulting

  • in seizures. And she is still a test subject currently at Texas Biomed. Andrew Rowan is

  • chief scientific officer for the Humane Society. ANDREW ROWAN, chief scientific officer, Humane

  • Society: Yes, they are suffering. And then the other thing about it is, the biopsies

  • are not benign. I mean, the chimps that were retired out of this one lab in New York, they

  • died 35. They can live to be 55, 60 years of age. MILES O BRIEN: But does the end ever

  • justify the means? Scientists are using chimpanzees to battle a raging epidemic of hepatitis C.

  • Fully 3 percent of the world's population, approaching 200 million people, carry the

  • hep-C virus. The drugs used to treat it are not always effective and carry horrible side

  • effects. And there is no vaccine. DR. EUGENE SCHIFF, University of Miami: Arthur, nice

  • to see you. MAN: Hey, Dr. Schiff. Good to see you. MILES O BRIEN: Arthur, who asked

  • us not to use his last name, believes he contracted hepatitis C during his days as a paramedic.

  • He now has chronic liver disease and has suffered fatigue, nausea, irritability and depression

  • from multiple drug treatments. MAN: It's an insidious disease. And it's one that multiplies

  • and grows, me, for example, having a very mild case of inflammation of the liver and,

  • within a 10-year period, it progresses to cirrhosis. MILES O BRIEN: Eugene Schiff of

  • the university of Miami, is Arthur's physician. He has been in the trenches treating hepatitis

  • patients and researching the disease for decades. DR. EUGENE SCHIFF: Now, I think I would be

  • a hypocrite if I said we don't need the chimpanzee, and I think I would be doing a disservice

  • to mankind. MILES O BRIEN: On his desk, he keeps a statue of a famous research chimp

  • named Daphne. Testing on her helped scientists discover the protease inhibitors that make

  • life a little easier for the likes of Arthur. MAN: There isn't a day that I don't give thanks

  • to Daphne for the gift that she gave me. DR. EUGENE SCHIFF: And, indeed, the chimpanzee

  • was the hero of hepatitis, because you could produce all of the viruses for hepatitis in

  • the chimp. MILES O BRIEN: Scientists say they are close to a less morally fraught alternative

  • to chimpanzees. Labs in New York and Maine are breeding so-called humanized mice, which

  • have livers that can be infected with hepatitis C. But this alternative won't be a reality

  • for at least five years. Meanwhile, a moratorium on breeding lab chimps began in 1995, so,

  • eventually, the testing will end, or will it? Some say we should keep a colony at the

  • ready for diseases we can't predict. The government is expected to decide on that later this year.

  • LINDA BRENT: And this is what we could build at Chimp Haven. MILES O BRIEN: Wow. MILES

  • O BRIEN: Really two-thirds again as much, right? LINDA BRENT: Right. Right. MILES O

  • BRIEN: Even so, with 1,000 chimps still in U.S. research labs right now, Linda Brent

  • is making plans for expansion. You're going to have a lot of potential visitors here,

  • right? LINDA BRENT: Right. MILES O BRIEN: Excuse me -- not visitors. LINDA BRENT: Residents.

  • MILES O BRIEN: Residents. (LAUGHTER) MILES O BRIEN: How's that all are going to work

  • out for you? LINDA BRENT: Well, we're really excited about it. I think, in the very near

  • future, we will be able to probably say that we have taken care of the chimpanzees that

  • have served in medical research by giving them a fitting retirement. MILES O BRIEN:

  • All right, you ready? You ready? And, hopefully, an occasional pitch in the strike zone. AMY

  • FULTZ: Oh, yes, yes, yes. JEFFREY BROWN: It's Science Thursday on our website. There, we

  • have more on Chimp Haven, where there's something of a baby boom under way, thought to be due

  • to males whose vasectomies actually repaired themselves. urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags

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bjbjLULU JEFFREY BROWN: Scientific experiment with chimpanzees, it's been a subject of hope

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黑猩猩測試。是末日的開始嗎? (Chimpanzee Testing: Is it the Beginning of the End?)

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    阿多賓 發佈於 2021 年 01 月 14 日
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