A poet is perhaps an unusual choice for an inspirational speaker --

poets as a general rule, as a type - I wouldn't say all poets,

but, have a tendency to be a bit depressive, introspective. (Laughter)

They want to go up into their garrets and write their poems,

and - um - avoid people. (Laughter)

So the idea of coming out and public speaking about courage

is an interesting thing for a poet to be doing.

I was interested in what Victoria had to say about courage and the writer,

because it also seems a bit strange for me,

living here in Greece, where we have free speech,

to talk about the courage to create --

You know, maybe where there are women in Afghanistan who risk death to write their poems.

I don't risk death to write my poems.

But, I have been thinking about the courage to create,

the courage to create in a crisis,

and what keeps coming to my mind is a sentence

by John Keats, in one of his letters,

where he defines a quality which he calls negative capability,

which is something I'm sure many of you have heard of.

He was talking about the genius of Shakespeare

what makes Shakespeare, Shakespeare.

And he defined negative capability as the ability to be in uncertainties,

mysteries, doubt - without any irritable reaching after fact or reason.

To me this isn’t exactly "courage". I think of courage as maybe

defined in this very sort of positive way,

courage as mastering fear, or conquering fear,

and negative capability is something not quite that.

If we think of fear as fear of change, fear of the unknown,

and particularly for artists, fear of failure

which is change and the unknown, together.

This negative capability is not a way of conquering

these fears, but a way of

existing amongst them, and living in them,

and moving in the space that they create.

Change and the unknown and even failure is a space where we create,

and you have to be able to live in that.

I think of also the symbol of poetic inspiration

from ancient times, you know,

we think of the winged horse Pegasus, (Greek:Pegasus)

whose name, of course, comes from the greek "pigi" -- a spring or source

and that wonderful surge of flight, the flight of inspiration.

But for me, the symbol of poetic inspiration is the bat,

(Greek: nychterída) because unlike birds, for instance -- or Pegasus I guess,

I don’t know about the physics of Pegasus,

birds are able to get into flight, to create the lift out of their own efforts

and construction to get off the ground and into flight.

Bats cannot do that.

Bats, if they're on the ground, are stuck.

I don't know if you've ever seen a bat

on the ground or in a documentary or something,

but it's like watching a stilt walker with crutches or something.

It's a very awkward and pathetic sight.

A bat has to hang somewhere upside-down,

in a cave or a tree and fall into flight.

A bat has to drop into the unknown in order to fly,

and I feel that the creation of poetry is something like that.

But it's not when we're afraid, we want to control everything around us,

but that in order to create we have to give up control

or the illusion of control to do this.

So, a bat falls into flight, into that half-light of dusk

and then, proceeds to move through the world,

not by looking where it is going, but by listening where it is going.

And to me that is a symbol of poetry,

and how I write poetry, how I read poetry.

So, this is a poem. "Explaining an Affinity for Bats".

That they are only glimpsed in silhouette,

And seem something else at first -- a swallow --

And move like new tunes, difficult to follow,

Staggering towards an obstacle they yet

Avoid in a last-minute pirouette,

Somehow telling solid things from hollow,

Sounding out how high a space, or shallow,

Revising into deepening violet.

That they sing -- not the way the songbird sings

(Whose song is rote, to ornament, finesse) --

But travel by a sort of song that rings

True not in utterance, but harkenings,

Who find their way by calling into darkness

To hear their voice bounce off the shape of things.

I'm sure you all are sitting there thinking, "Why that was a sonnet?"

Yes, the other thing I can say I'm mostly -- most known for is

working within traditional forms, meter and rhyme,

which has maybe not been the most fashionable thing

in the last 80 years or so.

There is a lot of misconception about form.

I think people think of -- Well, you hear a lot about poetry being

about self expression and freedom of expression.

I'm not really for self expression, yes.

I'm not really interested in expressing myself, I don't really think I'm that interesting.

I am interested in expressing the poem,

and finding out what the poem has to say to me

and learning something from the poem.

I mean, any teenager who's miserably in love,

will express him or herself in a poem. It's not necessarily a good poem.

So, I am interested in how to express what the poem wants to say

and that again is a giving up of control.

So, for me working within forms within certain patterns,

with some arbitrary rules, with rhyme,

which is maybe the most mysterious of all the rhetorical devices,

because it creates reason where there is none --

Why is that womb and tune, rhyme?

I mean it, we seem to feel like it has some kind of magical connection.

And each language has its own group of words

that have that magical, magnetic connection of rhyme.

So, for me working in form is about giving up control,

giving up some control to the form, finding out what the poem wants to say.

Maybe I'll end up on a line, because it rhymes,

and I didn't know that's what I wanted to say.

So as a mother, also, which is also about giving up control --

one of your fears as a poet who becomes a mother

is that you're losing yourself,

that you'll never be able to write again.

People asked me what -- has being a mother,

how it has affected my poetry?

And my traditional line is, "There is less of it".

But, at the same time, it also brings you into this gray area,

this gray space, when you're up all night with a colicky baby

in those strange hours, like 3 AM

and you have had no sleep.

Sometimes that's when the creativity happens,

because you're not trying to control your thoughts,

and my first poem I wrote after having my son,

I was walking up and down, you know, the room,

with this squalling, screaming infant

and that rhythm of walking and not thinking about, "Oh I've got to be writing a poem,

I haven't written a poem in nine months".

Suddenly, the poem came about --

It was a triolet or triolet, which is a French form, French fixed form, with eight lines.

So that's kind of handy if you are mother, and you don’t have a lot of time.

Eight lines and two of those lines repeat,

so, don't really have to write eight lines. (Laughter)

And then if you steal one of the lines --

you only have to write six lines, I don't know - I can't do the math,

So I'm afoot. (Laughter)

This was the lullaby as a word that came out of that event,

"Triolet on a Line Apocryphally Ascribed to Martin Luther".

So, I just stole the first line.

Why should the Devil get all the good tunes,

The booze and the neon and Saturday night,

The swaying in darkness, the lovers like spoons?

Why should the Devil get all of the good tunes?

Does he hum them to while away sad afternoons,

And the long, lonesome Sundays? Or sing them for spite?

Why should the Devil get all the good tunes,

The booze and the neon and Saturday night?

(Applause)

So that's a sort of lullaby, I guess

or maybe an elegy for my lost wild youth or something. (Laughter)

So this poems come about for me -- working in forms is --

I don’t know where the poem is going, the poem tells me where to go.

I spend a lot of time reading children's books,

and re-exploring those fairy tales that are part of our growing up,

but we misremember them, you know, when you think of

the "Princess and the Frog", you know --

How does the Princess turn the frog back into a Prince?

With a kiss, unless you're reading the actual Grimm story

when she turns him back into a Prince by throwing him against the wall.

They're very strange, these stories and very violent,

and also things happen just because it's part of the narrative.

There is no character development or anything,

and yet there's something magical about this.

So this is another of the sonnets and it's titled "Fairy-tale Logic",

and I was thinking about how strange and scary these stories are.

Fairy tales are full of impossible tasks:

Gather the chin hairs from a man-eating goat,

Or cross a sulphuric lake in a leaky boat,

Select the prince from a row of identical masks,

Tiptoe up to a dragon where it basks And snatch its bone;

Count dust specks, mote by mote,

Or learn a phone directory by rote.

Always it’s impossible what someone asks --

You have to fight magic with magic.

You have to believe That you have something impossible up your sleeve,

The language of snakes, perhaps, an invisible cloak,

An army of ants at your beck, or a lethal joke,

The will to do whatever must be done:

Marry a monster. Hand over your firstborn son.

(Applause)

And some of my forms are not necessarily the traditional received forms of poems.

I am interested in all kinds of forms and structures.

So this, from quite early on I was writing about Greek mythology,

I've lived in Greece since 1999,

but even as a teenager I was writing these poems about Greek mythology.

I maybe do it a bit less now that I'm actually here

in the middle of it all the time.

My son Jason, you know, on the playground with Xenophon and Andromeda, and so on.

But I'm still very interested in one of the myths

that has always really fascinated me,

you know, artists and so on, through the ages is the myth

of Hades and Persephone (Greek: Persephonia and Adis)

where he snatches this little girl picking flowers as it were,

and takes her down to the underworld where she becomes queen of the underworld.

Now, I've written several poems about that.

So, this is a continuation of that obsession --

that's the nice thing about being an artist --

you can do the same thing over and over again and it's not OCD, it's art.

(Laughter)

"First love", this is a different kind of form,

but I think many of you will recognize this particular form.

"First Love: A Quiz".

He came up to me:

a. in his souped-up Camaro

b. to talk to my skinny best friend

c. and bumped my glass of wine, so I wore the ferrous stain on my sleeve

d. from the ground, in a lead chariot drawn by a team of stallions

black as crude oil and breathing sulfur:

at his heart, he sported a tiny golden arrow.

He offered me:

a. a ride

b. dinner and a movie, with a wink at the cliché

c. an excuse not to go back alone

to the apartment with its sink of dirty knives

d. a narcissus with a hundred dazzling petals

that breathed a sweetness as cloying as decay.

I went with him because:

a. even his friends told me to beware

b. I had nothing to lose except my virginity

c. he placed his hand in the small of my back

and I felt the tread of honeybees

d. he was my uncle, the one who lived in the half-finished basement,

and he took me by the hair.

The place he took me to:

a. was dark as my shut eyes

b. and where I ate bitter seed and became ripe