Name: Paul Stamets 談蘑菇拯救世界的六種方法 (中英雙字幕) (Paul Stamets 談蘑菇拯救世界的六種方法 (中英雙字幕))
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T04:49:55.000Z
Duration: 17 min 42 s

I love a challenge, and saving the Earth is probably a good one.

我喜歡挑戰，而拯救地球或許是個不錯的挑戰。 I love a challenge, and saving the Earth is probably a good one.

我們都知道地球面臨危機。 We all know the Earth is in trouble.

我們已進入這星球上 We have now entered in the 6X --

the sixth major extinction on this planet.

第六次大規模的物種滅絕。 the sixth major extinction on this planet.

I often wondered if there was a United Organization of Organisms --

我經常在想如果有一個聯合物種組織，  I often wondered if there was a United Organization of Organisms --

別名為「啊哦－」 otherwise known as "Uh-Oh" --

(Laughter) -- and every organism had a right to vote,

（笑聲）－並且每個物種都有權利投票， (Laughter) -- and every organism had a right to vote,

would we be voted on the planet or off the planet?

我們會被票選逐出地球還是保留下來？ would we be voted on the planet or off the planet?

I think that vote is occurring right now.

我想這個票選正在進行。 I think that vote is occurring right now.

I want to present to you a suite of six mycological solutions,

我想告訴大家一系列六種真菌法。 I want to present to you a suite of six mycological solutions,

using fungi, and these solutions are based on mycelium.

這些方法以菌絲為基礎，提供利用真菌的方式。 using fungi, and these solutions are based on mycelium.

菌絲體存在於任何地形種。 The mycelium infuses all landscapes,

it holds soils together, it's extremely tenacious.

它異常堅韌，能夠牢固土壤。 it holds soils together, it's extremely tenacious.

可以固定超過自身三萬倍重量的土壤。 This holds up to 30,000 times its mass.

They're the grand molecular disassemblers of nature --  the soil magicians.

它們是大自然中的巨型分子分解機--土壤魔術師。 They're the grand molecular disassemblers of nature --  the soil magicians.

They generate the humus soils across the land masses of Earth.

它們生產腐質，覆蓋地球表面。 They generate the humus soils across the land masses of Earth.

We have now discovered that there is a multi-directional transfer

我們目前發現植物間養分 We have now discovered that there is a multi-directional transfer

of nutrients between plants, mitigated by the mcyelium --

可透過菌絲體多方向傳遞。 of nutrients between plants, mitigated by the mcyelium --

菌絲體就好像是 so the mycelium is the mother

that is giving nutrients from alder and birch trees

不斷提供赤楊、白樺樹、鐵杉、檜木、 that is giving nutrients from alder and birch trees

黃杉養份的母親。 to hemlocks, cedars and Douglas firs.

Dusty and I, we like to say, on Sunday this is where we go to church.

妲斯蔕和我喜歡說這是我們星期天上教堂的地方。 Dusty and I, we like to say, on Sunday this is where we go to church.

我愛這古老的叢林， I'm in love with the old-growth forest,

and I'm a patriotic American because we have those.

而且因為我們有這些叢林，我是愛國的美國人。 and I'm a patriotic American because we have those.

Most of you are familiar with portobello mushrooms.

你們大多知道蘑菇。 Most of you are familiar with portobello mushrooms.

坦白說，我常面臨一個問題， And frankly, I face a big obstacle.

就是當我向人們提起菇類， when I mention mushrooms to somebody,

they immediately think portobellos or magic mushrooms,

他們立即想到的是蘑菇或是迷幻蘑菇。 they immediately think portobellos or magic mushrooms,

their eyes glaze over, and they think I'm a little crazy.

他們對我翻白眼，認為我瘋了。 their eyes glaze over, and they think I'm a little crazy.

So I hope to pierce that prejudice forever with this group.

所以我希望在座的人永遠不要有這樣的偏見。 So I hope to pierce that prejudice forever with this group.

我們稱之為菇類恐懼症： We call it mycophobia,

the irrational fear of the unknown when it comes to fungi.

當談到菌類時產生的非理性恐懼。 the irrational fear of the unknown when it comes to fungi.

菇類生長的速度是非常快的。 Mushrooms are very fast in their growth.

第21天、第23天、第25天。 Day 21, day 23, day 25.

菇類會生產非常強的抗生素。 Mushrooms produce strong antibiotics.

In fact, we're more closely related to fungi than we are to any other kingdom.

實際上，與其他生物王國相比我們與真菌類更接近些。 In fact, we're more closely related to fungi than we are to any other kingdom.

大約20位真核微生物學家 A group of 20 eukaryotic microbiologists

published a paper two years ago erecting opisthokonta --

在兩年前發表了一篇論文建立「後鞭毛生物」-- published a paper two years ago erecting opisthokonta --

a super-kingdom that joins animalia and fungi together.

一個聯繫起動物與真菌的超大族群。 a super-kingdom that joins animalia and fungi together.

我們有共同的病原體。 We share in common the same pathogens.

真菌不喜歡被細菌侵蝕， Fungi don't like to rot from bacteria,

and so our best antibiotics come from fungi.

所以我們最有效的抗生素來自真菌。 and so our best antibiotics come from fungi.

But here is a mushroom that's past its prime.

但這是個過了黃金時期的菇。  But here is a mushroom that's past its prime.

他們形成孢子後會死亡。 After they sporulate, they do rot.

But I propose to you that the sequence of microbes

但我要提出，菇類死亡後， But I propose to you that the sequence of microbes

接下來在菇上生存的微生物 that occur on rotting mushrooms

are essential for the health of the forest.

對健康和叢林有絕對的重要性。 are essential for the health of the forest.

它們使樹木成長， They give rise to the trees,

they create the debris fields that feed the mycelium.

它們創造餵養菌絲體的腐質。 they create the debris fields that feed the mycelium.

And so we see a mushroom here sporulating.

我們看這裡一株菇正在形成孢子。 And so we see a mushroom here sporulating.

孢子正在發芽， And the spores are germinating,

and the mycelium forms and goes underground.

然後菌絲體就形成並且深入地下。 and the mycelium forms and goes underground.

In a single cubic inch of soil, there can be more than eight miles of these cells.

在一立方英吋的土壤中，可能含有超過8英里長的細胞。 In a single cubic inch of soil, there can be more than eight miles of these cells.

My foot is covering approximately 300 miles of mycelium.

我的腳掌現在正踩著大約300英里的菌絲體。 My foot is covering approximately 300 miles of mycelium.

This is photo-micrographs from Nick Read and Patrick Hickey.

這是一張尼克瑞得和帕特里克希基所拍攝的顯微照片。 This is photo-micrographs from Nick Read and Patrick Hickey.

注意當菌絲成長時， And notice that as the mycelium grows,

it conquers territory and then it begins the net.

它擴張領地並建立網路。 it conquers territory and then it begins the net.

I've been a scanning electron microscopist for many years,

我用掃描式電子顯微鏡很多年了， I've been a scanning electron microscopist for many years,

I have thousands of electron micrographs,

我有數千張的電子顯微照片。 I have thousands of electron micrographs,

當我注視着菌絲體的圖像時， and when I'm staring at the mycelium

I realize that they are microfiltration membranes.

我意識到它們是微孔過濾薄膜。 I realize that they are microfiltration membranes.

We exhale carbon dioxide, so does mycelium.

我們呼出二氧化碳，菌絲體也是。 We exhale carbon dioxide, so does mycelium.

它們也像我們一樣吸入氧氣。 It inhales oxygen, just like we do.

But these are essentially externalized stomachs and lungs.

但這些是外置的胃和肺。 But these are essentially externalized stomachs and lungs.

And I present to you a concept that these are extended neurological membranes.

我想帶給大家的一個概念是他們還是神經薄膜。 And I present to you a concept that these are extended neurological membranes.

And in these cavities, these microcavities form,

在這些洞中，更微小的洞會形成。 And in these cavities, these microcavities form,

and as they fuse soils, they absorb water.

當他們深入土壤，他們會吸收水分。  and as they fuse soils, they absorb water.

他們就想小井一般。 These are little wells.

And inside these wells, then microbal communities begin to form.

在這些小井中，菌絲族群開始形成。 And inside these wells, then microbal communities begin to form.

And so the spongy soil not only resists erosion,

所以海綿般的土壤不只防止腐化， And so the spongy soil not only resists erosion,

也建立一個可以讓許多其他生物生長的 but sets up a microbial universe

that gives rise to a plurality of other organisms.

菌絲世界。 that gives rise to a plurality of other organisms.

我最早在90年代提出， I first proposed, in the early 1990s,

that mycelium is Earth's natural Internet.

菌絲體是地球的天然互聯網。 that mycelium is Earth's natural Internet.

When you look at the mycelium, they're highly branched.

仔細觀察菌絲體你會發現他們有非常多的分支。 When you look at the mycelium, they're highly branched.

And if there's one branch that is broken, then very quickly,

如果有一個分支損壞了，很快地， And if there's one branch that is broken, then very quickly,

因為這些節點互相交叉-- because of the nodes of crossing --

Internet engineers maybe call them hot points --

網絡工程師可能稱之為連線熱點-- Internet engineers maybe call them hot points --

there's alternative pathways for channeling nutrients and information.

提供其它可以連通養分輸送以及信息傳遞的通路。 there's alternative pathways for channeling nutrients and information.

菌絲體是有感知的。 The mycelium is sentient.

它可以感受到你的存在。 It knows that you are there.

當你在路地上行走，  When you walk across landscapes,

it leaps up in the aftermath of your footsteps trying to grab debris.

它緊跟著你的腳步躍上來抓取土塵。 it leaps up in the aftermath of your footsteps trying to grab debris.

So I believe the invention of the computer Internet

所以我相信電腦網路的發明是 So I believe the invention of the computer Internet

由於生物已創造出非常成功的系統後 is an inevitable consequence

of a previously proven biologically successful model.

不可避免的成果。 of a previously proven biologically successful model.

The Earth invented the computer Internet for its own benefit,

地球為了自己的益處而創造了它的網路， The Earth invented the computer Internet for its own benefit,

and we now, being the top organism on this planet,

現在我們作為這星球上位於頂端的生物， and we now, being the top organism on this planet,

are trying to allocate resources  in order to protect the biosphere.

正嘗試著分配資源來保護生態圈。 are trying to allocate resources  in order to protect the biosphere.

Going way out, dark matter conforms to the same mycelial archetype.

擴大範圍來看，暗物質也與菌絲體的形態類似。 Going way out, dark matter conforms to the same mycelial archetype.

我相信生命由物質產生， I believe matter begets life,

life becomes single cells, single cells become strings,

生命從單個細胞開始，單細胞串接起來 life becomes single cells, single cells become strings,

形成鏈接，繼而形成網絡。 strings become chains, chains network.

And this is the paradigm that we see throughout the universe.

我們觀察宇宙也發現相同的模式。 And this is the paradigm that we see throughout the universe.

Most of you may not know that fungi were the first organisms to come to land.

在座的大多數人可能不一定知道真菌是第一種登上陸地的生物。 Most of you may not know that fungi were the first organisms to come to land.

他們在13億年前來到陸地上， They came to land 1.3 billion years ago,

and plants followed several hundred million years later.

植物在好幾百萬年以後才開始在陸地上生長。 and plants followed several hundred million years later.

這怎麼可能呢？ How is that possible?

It's possible because the mycelium produces oxalic acids

因為菌絲體製造草酸 It's possible because the mycelium produces oxalic acids

和其他酸性物質和酶。 and many other acids and enzymes,

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Paul Stamets 談蘑菇拯救世界的六種方法 (中英雙字幕) (Paul Stamets 談蘑菇拯救世界的六種方法 (中英雙字幕))

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