Name: 美國的貧富差距 (Wealth Inequality in America)
Uploaded: 2023-05-12T21:01:30.000Z
Duration: 6 min 24 s

情態副詞

There's a chart I saw recently that I can't get out of my head.

基礎被動語態

A Harvard business professor and economist asked more than five thousand Americans: how they thought wealth was distributed in the United States.

一位哈佛教授兼經濟學者訪問了 5000 多位美國人關於他們所認為的美國財富分布為何。

This is what they said they thought it was:

dividing the country into five rough groups of the top bottom and middle three twenty percent groups,

假設把人口依照富有程度從頂層到底層和中間，分成五個群體，

they asked people how they thought the wealth in this country was divided?

他們認為財富分布的現況是什麼？

Then he ask them, what they thought was the ideal distribution?

他又問：理想的分布應該是什麼樣子的？

And 92 percent, that's at least nine out of ten of them, said it should be more like this.

92% 的人，也就是 10 人中至少 9 人，說理想狀況應該是這樣。

In other words, more equitable than they think it is.

也就是說，理想狀況應該比實際狀況更均勻。

Now that fact is telling, admittedly, the notion that most Americans know that the system is already skewed unfairly.

這個結果是很有趣的，顯示多數人知道現狀是不公平的。

But what's most interesting to me is the reality compared to our perception.

但我覺得最耐人尋味的是，實際的分布和大家想像中分布的差異。

The ideal is as far removed from our perception of reality as the actual distribution is from what we think exists in this country.

理想與認知的差異有多大，認知與實際的差異就有多大。

Not only do the bottom 20 percent and the next 20 percent, the bottom 40 percent of Americans barely have any of the wealth. I mean, it's hard to even see them on the chart.

最窮的 20% 和次窮的 20%，也就是美國最底層的 40% 不僅幾乎沒有分配到任何財富，連在圖上幾乎都快看不見了。

But the top one percent has more of the country's wealth than nine out of ten Americans believe the entire top 20 percent should have.

但是最富有的 1% 所擁有的財富，比九成人認為最富的 20% 共有的還要多。

But let's look at it another way because I find this chart kind of difficult to wrap my head around.

但讓我們換個方式來看，因為光看這張圖還是有點難理解。

Instead, let's reduce the 311 million Americans to just a representative one hundred people

我們將三億多的美國人口替換成只有 100 位代表，

Teachers, coaches, firefighters, construction workers, engineers, doctors, lawyers, some investment bankers, a C.E.O., maybe a celebrity or two.

老師、教練、消防員、建築工人、工程師、醫生、律師、幾位投資銀行家、一位 CEO，可能還有一兩位明星。

Now let's line 'em up according to their wealth.

Poorest people on the left, wealthiest on the right.

最窮的人站左邊，有錢的站右邊。

Just a steady row of folks based on their net worth.

We'll color code them like we did before based on which twenty percent quintile they fall into.

Now let's reduce the total wealth of the United States, which was roughly 44 trillion dollars in 2009, to this symbolic pile of cash, and let's distribute it among our one hundred Americans.

現在我們再把美國全部的財富，假設是 2009 年的 54 兆元，變成這這疊象徵性的鈔票，分給這 100 位美國人。

Well, here's socialism, all of the wealth of the country distributed equally.

這是社會主義的理想：財富均分。

We need to encourage people to work and work hard to achieve that good ole American dream and, keep our country moving forward.

我們得鼓勵大家認真工作才能實現美國夢，推動國家進步。

So, here's that ideal we asked everyone about, something like this curve.

那麼，這是大家心目中的理想長的像這條曲線。

This isn't too bad! We've got some incentive as the wealthiest folks are now about ten to twenty times better off than the poorest Americans.

還不賴嘛！右邊是大家羨慕的有錢人，資產也只是窮人的 10 到 20 倍而已，

But hey, even the poor folks aren't actually poor since the poverty line has stayed almost entirely off the chart.

也沒有很窮，因為貧窮門檻幾乎不在表上。

We have a super healthy  middle-class with a smooth transition into wealth, and yes, Republicans and Democrats alike chose this curve.

中產階級也很好過日子，窮到富的曲線非常平緩沒錯，共和黨和民主黨的回答都一致。

Nine out of ten people, 92 percent said this was a nice, ideal distribution of America's wealth.

10 人中有 9 人，92% 美國人都同意，這是美國財富分布的理想曲線。

This is what people think America's wealth distribution actually looks like.

這是大家覺得美國財富的實際分布。

But for me, even this still looks pretty great!

但在我看來這看起來還算很好的！

Yes, the poorest twenty to thirty percent are starting to suffer quite a lot, compared to the ideal,

是的，最窮的 20~30% 資產少了很多，跟理想差距不小，

and the middle class is certainly struggling more than they were,

中產階級的日子也更難過了點，

while the rich and wealthy are making roughly a hundred times that of the poorest Americans and at about ten times that of the still healthy middle class.

富人的收入大概是窮人的 100 倍，也是小康的中產階級的 10 倍左右。

Sadly, this isn't even close to the reality.

遺憾的是，想像與現實還是天差地遠。

Here is the actual distribution of wealth in America.

The poorest Americans don't even register.

And the middle class is barely distinguishable from the poor.

In fact, even the rich between the top ten and twenty percentile are worse off.

事實上，連最富的 10 至 20% 都更窮了。

Only the top ten percent are better off, and how much better off?

只有最富的 10% 好得多，有多好呢？

So much better off that the top two to five percent are actually off the chart at this scale.

好到最富的 2 至 5% 都已經爆表了。

And the top one percent, this guy, well, his stack of money stretches ten times higher than we can show.

至於最頂端的 1% 這位仁兄，他的鈔票堆可以爆表十次。

Here's his stack of cash restacked all by itself.

This is the top one percent we've been hearing so much about.

他就是我們天天在談論的那 1%。

So much green in his pockets that i have to give him a whole new column of his own because he won't fit on my chart

他的鈔票多到我得分他一整欄來擺，因為他硬是塞不下這張表。

One percent of America has forty percent of all the nation's wealth.

1% 的美國人坐擁全國 40% 的財富。

The bottom eighty percent, eight out of every ten people or eighty out of these hundred, only has seven percent between them.

最底的 80%，也就是十人有八人，或 100 人中只有 80 人只分到 7% 的財富。

And this has only gotten worse in the last twenty to thirty years.

這 20 至 30 年來貧富差距只有更加懸殊。

While the richest one percent take home almost a quarter of the national income today.

這 1% 的收入幾乎是全國 1/4 的收入。

In nineteen seventy-six they took home only nine percent, meaning their share of income has nearly tripled in the last thirty years.

在 1976 年，他們的收入只佔全國 9%，意味著這 30 年來他們的收入增為三倍。

The top one percent own half the country's stocks, bonds and mutual funds.

這 1% 擁有美國一半的股票、債券和共同基金。

The bottom fifty percent of Americans own only half a percent of these investments.

Which means they aren't investing - they're just scraping by.

也就是他們沒有投資，他們只能勉強餬口。

I'm sure many of these wealthy people have worked very hard for their money,

我相信富人賺錢也是靠努力的，

but do you really believe that the C.E.O. is working 380 times harder than his average employee, not his lowest paid employee, not the janitor, but the average earner in his company,

但你真的認為一個 CEO 努力的程度是他手下員工的 380 倍嗎？我不是說底薪人員，也不是清潔員，而是他手下的正職人員，

the average worker needs to work more than a month to earn what the C.E.O. makes in one hour.

一般的職員需要工作一個月以上才能賺到 CEO 一小時賺到的錢。

We certainly don't have to go all the way to socialism to find something that is fair for hardworking Americans.

我們不必太極端，實行社會主義也有辦法讓人民拿到合理的薪資。

We don't even have to achieve what most of us consider might be ideal.

我們甚至不用達到多數人的理想。

All we need to do is wake up and realize that the reality in this country is not at all what we think it is.

我們只需要醒醒，看看現實並明白這個國家的現實根本不是我們想像中的那樣子。

字幕列表影片播放

美國的貧富差距 (Wealth Inequality in America)

perception

struggle

average

barely