This is really just an introductory video. We'll go into more depth in subsequent videos

這其實只是一個入門視頻。我們將在後續視頻中進行更深入的介紹

talking about specific systems. But in this video I want to kind of define anatomy and

談論特定的系統。但在本視頻中，我想對解剖學和

physiology. Talk about some of the major themes that we'll find. And then we'll get into tissues

生理學。談談我們會發現的一些重要主題。然後我們將進入組織學

and just a preview of all the different organ systems. Before we get there though I want

以及所有不同器官系統的預覽。在我們開始之前，我想

to talk about this over here. This is an adjustable spanner. I always thought this was a crescent

來談談這個。這是一個可調扳手。我一直以為這是一個月牙

wrench but a specific type of adjustable spanner apparently is a crescent wrench. So think

扳手，但一種特殊的可調扳手顯然是月牙扳手。所以要考慮

for just a second about what are some of the structures on the wrench. Well right here

我想了解一下扳手上有哪些結構。這裡

we have this moveable metal. We've got a rolling device. We've got teeth. Got this long arm.

我們有可移動的金屬我們有滾動裝置我們有牙齒還有這個長臂

So these are all structures. But what do they do? Well you know this. That I can roll this

這些都是結構。但它們有什麼作用呢？你知道的我可以把這個

back and forth. This will move this in this direction. So I can fit different nuts. I've

來回移動。這樣就能朝這個方向移動。這樣我就能裝上不同的螺母了我已經

got a huge amount of leverage by pushing on this. And so basically what we've identified

通過推動這件事，我們獲得了巨大的影響力。是以，我們基本上確定了

is the anatomy and the physiology of this tool. In other words, anatomy is simply what

是這一工具的解剖學和生理學。換句話說，解剖學就是

it is. What's the structure. Physiology is the function. And so let's quit talking about

是什麼？結構是什麼？生理學是功能。是以，讓我們放棄談論

tools and talk about the human hand. And so there's a term that goes by form fits function.

工具和人類的手。是以，有一個術語叫做 "形式與功能相匹配"。

And so the form, think of that as the anatomy. So the form of my had, the muscles, the bones,

是以，形體就可以看作是解剖學。我的身體形態、肌肉、骨骼、

the tendons, and all of that is going to be the form. What it does, how it works, how

肌腱，所有這些都將是形式。它的作用、如何工作、如何

it operates, all of those things are going to be the function of the hand and how they

所有這些都是手的功能，以及它們如何

work. All the way from the nerves that pick up touch to the muscles. All of that is going

工作。從接收觸覺的神經到肌肉。所有這些

to be the function. And so in the back of your head always be thinking form fits function.

功能。是以，在你的腦海中，始終要想著形式與功能相匹配。

Anatomy fits physiology. Okay. So basically there are a few themes in anatomy and physiology.

解剖學適合生理學好吧，解剖學和生理學基本上有幾個主題。

The first one is called homeostasis. And you may think of just like a home. Homeostasis

第一種叫做 "平衡"。你可以把它想象成一個家。平衡狀態

means maintaining a stable interval environment. And so how do we do that? Inside our home

這意味著要維持一個穩定的區間環境。那麼我們該如何做到這一點呢？在家裡

we use a thermostat. And so a thermostat is basically going to use a feedback loop. It's

我們使用恆溫器。是以，恆溫器基本上要使用反饋迴路。它

going to use a negative feedback loop. If the temperature gets too high it's going to

要使用負反饋迴路。如果溫度過高，它就會

turn off the heat. If it gets too low it's going to turn on the heat. And so it's going

關火。如果溫度太低，它就會打開暖氣。所以它會

to keep you at a stable internal environment. Now what about inside our body? We have the

以保持體內環境的穩定。那麼我們的身體內部呢？我們有

same thing. We have a thermostat. It's the hypothalamus, which is right above the roof

同樣的問題。我們有一個恆溫器它是下丘腦，就在屋頂上方

of your mouth. And it basically is going to sense the temperature inside you. It's going

你嘴裡的溫度它基本上能感知你體內的溫度它將

to be right around 37 degrees celsius. What happens if your temperature goes too high?

攝氏 37 度左右。如果溫度過高會怎樣？

Then your body is going to react. It's going to start to sweat and you're also going to

然後你的身體就會做出反應。它會開始出汗，你也會

start to vasodialate. You're going to open up the capillaries near the surface so you

開始血管擴張你要打開表面附近的毛細血管，這樣你就能

can carry that heat away. What happens now is our temperature is going to be depressed.

可以將熱量帶走。現在的情況是，我們的體溫會下降。

If it goes too low, what do we do? Well we could get goose bumps. Those are creepy looking

如果溫度太低，我們該怎麼辦？我們可能會起雞皮疙瘩。那些看起來讓人毛骨悚然的

goose bumps or we could vasoconstrict. Hold that body heat near the body and constrict

起雞皮疙瘩，或者血管收縮。將體溫保持在身體附近並收縮

movement through the capillaries and our body temperature is going to increase. This is

毛細血管運動，我們的體溫就會升高。這是

a negative feedback loop, but it's a great example of homeostasis. And in anatomy and

這是一個負反饋迴路 但它是一個很好的平衡例子在解剖學和

physiology we're going to have to learn a number of these different feedback loops.

生理學中，我們必須學習許多不同的反饋迴路。

Another thing that is important is hierarchy. In other words, in a house you've got a kitchen.

另一個重要因素是等級制度。換句話說，房子裡有廚房。

In that kitchen you've got a sink. In that sink we've got a drain. So we've got parts

廚房裡有個水槽水槽裡有下水道所以我們有零件

that make up that whole of the house. And same thing inside biology. We start at the

構成了房子的整體。生物學內部也是如此。我們從

level of atom which comes together to form molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells,

原子層次，共同形成分子、大分子、細胞器和細胞、

tissues, organs, organ systems. But not all of this is anatomy and physiology. Anatomy

組織、器官、器官系統。但並非所有這些都是解剖學和生理學。解剖學

and physiology really begins at the level of the cells, tissues, organs and organ systems.

生理學的真正起點是細胞、組織、器官和器官系統。

And so this is kind of going to be our anatomy and physiology area. I'll spend a lot of time

是以，這將是我們的解剖學和生理學領域。我會花很多時間

here on organs, tissues and organ systems. As we get more up here this gets more into

器官、組織和器官系統。隨著時間的推移，這裡的內容會越來越多。

the ecology. So we won't spend a lot of time up there. But basically this is what we're

生態。所以我們不會在上面花太多時間但基本上這就是我們的目的

doing. So there is a hierarchy. And each time we go up to a bigger classification or a higher

在做。是以，這是有等級之分的。每當我們上升到一個更大的分類或更高的

level of hierarchy, we're going to have emergent properties that start to show up. Another

如果我們把層次結構劃分得更高，我們就會開始顯現出突發特性。另一種

thing that you should understand is that those cells then form what are called tissues. And

你應該明白的是，這些細胞隨後會形成所謂的組織。組織

you should have a good understanding of the different types of tissues. There are only

您應該充分了解不同類型的組織。只有

four in humans. And those are epithelial, muscle, nervous and then connective tissue.

人類有四種。它們是上皮組織、肌肉組織、神經組織和結締組織。

Let's start with epithelial tissue. Epithelial tissue, there are basically two things that

讓我們從上皮組織開始。上皮組織基本上有兩種情況

epithelial tissues have. First of all I should not get too far ahead of myself. Epithelial

上皮組織有。首先，我不應該說得太遠。上皮組織

is going to be the linings of our organs. But it's also going to be the outside of our

是我們器官的內襯。但它也會是我們的外部

body. So my skin, what you're looking at is epithelial tissue. And so we classify epithelial

身體所以我的皮膚，你看到的是上皮組織。是以，我們將上皮

tissue according to its shape and then the number of layers. And so there are a few weird

組織的形狀和層數。是以，有一些奇怪的

terms. First one is weird. And that is if we have flat epithelial tissue we call that

條款。第一個術語很奇怪。那就是如果我們有扁平的上皮組織，我們稱之為

squamous. So this would be squamous cells. Next, if it looks like this we call that cuboidal,

鱗狀。是以，這就是鱗狀細胞。接下來，如果它看起來像這樣，我們就稱之為立方體、

because it's like a cube. And then finally if it's look like this then we call that columnar.

因為它就像一個立方體。最後，如果它看起來像這樣，我們就稱之為柱狀。

Because it looks like a column. And so these are the three different shapes. Pay attention.

因為它看起來像一根柱子。這就是三種不同的形狀。注意看

Because I'm going to test you on the next page. And then the layering. If it's a simple

因為我將在下一頁測試你。然後是分層如果是簡單的

layer we call that simple. If it's just one layer of epithelial cells. But if it's a number

我們稱之為 "簡單"。如果它只有一層上皮細胞但如果它有許多

of layers then we're going to call that stratified epithelial cells. So let's look at some epithelial

那麼我們就稱之為分層上皮細胞。讓我們來看看一些上皮細胞

cells. What they might look like. So basically these are all epithelial cells. They're going

細胞。它們看起來像什麼？基本上這些都是上皮細胞它們將

to be the lining of organs or the outside of the body. So if we look at this one right

是器官內壁或身體外部。是以，如果我們正確看待這一點

here, that would be simple squamous. Right. They're flat and there's a single layer. So

在這裡，這將是簡單的鱗狀。對它們是平的，只有一層。所以

like the alveoli in your lungs could be an example of simple squamous cells. What about

就像您肺部的肺泡可能就是簡單鱗狀細胞的一個例子。那麼

this one over here? As I pause awkwardly for you to answer? That's right. That would be

這邊這個？就在我尷尬地等你回答的時候？沒錯那就是

simple columnar. What about this one? Simple cuboidal. Right. This would be like the lining

簡單的柱狀。這個呢？簡單的立方體對這就像襯裡

of the nephron of some of the glands in your body. What about this? That's right. Stratified

的腎小管。這個呢？沒錯分層

cuboidal. What about this? That's stratified squamous. Yeah. That's what your skin is.

立方體。這個呢？那是分層鱗狀的你的皮膚就是這樣 Yeah.你的皮膚就是這樣的

You're constantly loosing that, but it offers protection. And then this is a tricky one

你會不斷失去它，但它能提供保護。然後這是一個棘手的問題

here. I don't think you could answer that unless you've been looking ahead. These are

在這裡我不認為你能回答這個問題，除非你一直在向前看。這些是

actually pseudostratified columnar. They're pseudostratifeid. They look like they're stratified

實際上是假柱狀。它們是假分層柱狀。它們看起來像是分層的

but that's because some of them are fat at the bottom and skinny at the top. And some

但那是因為有些人下胖上瘦。還有一些

are skinny at the bottom and fat at the top. And so there are some of these in your lungs

下瘦上肥。是以，你的肺裡有一些這樣的東西

that actually have cilia on it. And so we would call those, let me see if I can get

實際上上面有纖毛。是以，我們把它們叫做 "纖毛"。

this right, psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells. And so if you learn some

右邊這個，是纖毛柱狀上皮細胞。是以，如果你學習了一些

of these terms you're going to do well. And you're also going to impress people with all

你會做得很好。您還將給人們留下以下印象

of your big terms. Next it gets a little easier. We've got the muscle cells. Muscle cells are

你的重要術語。接下來就簡單多了我們有了肌肉細胞。肌肉細胞是

responsible for motion. There are three types of muscle cells. Those are going to be skeletal

負責運動。肌肉細胞有三種類型。它們是骨骼肌

muscle cells. This would be an example of skeletal muscle cells right over here. That's

肌肉細胞。這裡就是骨骼肌細胞的一個例子。這是

going to move my finger. Move my arms. All movement in my body that I'm in control of

移動我的手指移動我的手臂我控制的身體的所有動作

is going to be skeletal muscle. We also have smooth muscle. Smooth muscle is not going

是骨骼肌。我們還有平滑肌。平滑肌不會

to be as regular as this. Example of smooth muscle are going to be involuntary muscles.

要像這樣有規律。平滑肌的例子是非自主肌肉。

So the movement of food down your esophagus becomes smooth muscle. Or the movement of

是以，食物在食道中的運動變成了平滑肌運動。或

food all the way through your digestive system is going to be smooth muscle. I don't have

食物通過消化系統的所有途徑都是平滑肌。我沒有

to think, "Oh, I want to move food" specifically through a certain part of my small intestine.

想一想，"哦，我想移動食物"，特別是通過小腸的某個部位。

It just moves on its own. That's smooth muscle. And then the third type we have, it's only

它只是自己在動。這就是平滑肌第三種類型，它只是

found in the heart is going to be cardiac muscle. It actually looks a lot like the skeletal

在心臟中發現的是心肌。它實際上看起來很像骨骼肌

or striated muscle, but it's going to have these little intercalated discs inside it.

或橫紋肌，但它的內部會有這些小的閏盤。

And that's going to transmit electrical signals so they can move through. Because the electrical

這樣就能傳遞電信號，讓它們通過。因為電

signals of the heart are going to create the contraction of the heart. Next we've got the

心臟信號將產生心臟收縮。接下來是

nervous tissue. Nervous tissue is going to send quick signals through out your body.

神經組織。神經組織會向全身快速發送信號。

It's basically made up of neurons and then some glial cells that will help out with that.

它基本上是由神經元和一些神經膠質細胞組成的，神經膠質細胞會對此提供幫助。

But basically what you have are all of these dendrites on this side. They're going to sense

但基本上，這些樹突都在這邊它們會感知

a signal. They're going to send an action potential down an axon to another nervous

信號。它們將沿著軸突向另一個神經元發送動作電位。

signal or another neuron. So that's basically what you're doing right now in your brain.

信號或另一個神經元這就是你現在正在大腦中做的事情。

Nervous tissues. The nerves through out your body are going to be nervous tissue. So basically

神經組織。遍佈全身的神經就是神經組織。所以基本上

what do we have so far? We've got epithelial, covering. We've got muscle, movement. We've

我們目前有什麼？我們有上皮，覆蓋物有肌肉，可以運動我們有

got nervous. So what's left? Last thing is going to be connective tissue. And so connective

緊張了還剩下什麼？最後是結締組織結締組織

tissue is going to be kind of a catch all. It's going to be everything that we haven't

組織將是一種包羅萬象的東西。它將是我們還沒有

talked about so far. And there's a lot of things that make up connective tissue. Connective

到目前為止構成結締組織的物質有很多。結締組織

tissue is going to have, basically it's going to have living cells, but it's also going

組織會有，基本上會有活細胞，但也會有

to have non living matrix around it sometimes. And so two examples would be loose connective

有時周圍會有非生物基質。是以，鬆散的結締組織就是兩個例子

and dense connective. So basically if I pull my skin up like that, and let it go, what's

和緻密的結締組織。是以，如果我像這樣拉起我的皮膚，然後讓它鬆開，那會怎樣呢？

holding it there is loose connective tissue. So inside there we're going to have some collagen

它被鬆散的結締組織包裹著。是以，裡面會有一些膠原蛋白

fibers which make it so I can't pull my skin off my hand. But we also have these elastin

這些纖維讓我的皮膚不會從手上脫落。但我們也有這些彈性纖維

fibers that are going to bounce it right back. And then the more collagen that we have, the

纖維會把它彈回來。我們擁有的膠原蛋白越多

more dense it becomes. So if we were to grab a tendon, for example, that's going to be

密度就越大。是以，如果我們要抓住一條肌腱，比如說，那&#39；將會是

a type of connective tissue. But it's going to have way more collagen in it. It's not

一種結締組織但它的膠原蛋白含量要高得多。它不是

going to be quite as bouncy. So other types of connective tissue would be like cartilage,

會很有彈性。是以，其他類型的結締組織就像軟骨一樣、

blood, bone, fat. These are all connective tissue. All of these things connect the other

血液、骨骼、脂肪。這些都是結締組織。所有這些東西都連接著其他

types of tissues. And so again, there are only four different types of tissues inside

組織類型。是以，內部也只有四種不同類型的組織

our body. And then the final thing I want to leave you with is kind of a preview of

我們的身體。最後，我想給大家預告一下

where we're headed. The different systems inside your body. And basically what they

我們的方向你體內的不同系統基本上它們

do. If we start with digestive systems, basically the job of that is to digest food and then

是的。如果我們從消化系統說起，它的工作基本上就是消化食物，然後

absorb that food into our circulatory system. Starts with the mouth. It actually starts

將食物吸收到我們的循環系統中。從口腔開始。實際上是從

with your eyes when you see some food that you really want to eat. Next we have circulatory

當你看到一些非常想吃的食物時，用眼睛去看。接下來是循環系統

system. That's going to move blood and thereby oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients around in

系統。這將使血液流動，從而使氧氣、二氧化碳和營養物質在體內四處流動。

your body. Respiratory system. Here's those alveoli I was talking about a second ago.

你的身體呼吸系統這就是我剛才說的肺泡

Basically taking in oxygen. Getting rid of carbon dioxide. The immune or lymphatic system

基本上是吸入氧氣排出二氧化碳。免疫或淋巴系統

is going to be made up of a bunch of lymph vessels. So that's going to, basically going

是由一堆淋巴管組成的。是以，基本上要

to take in plasma or liquid that's leaked out of your circulatory system. Return it

吸收從循環系統中滲出的血漿或液體。返回

to the circulatory system. But we also have these lymph nodes. And basically those are

循環系統。但我們也有淋巴結。這些淋巴結基本上

areas where white blood cells will sit. And they are able to fight infection. Next we

白細胞會停留在這些區域。它們能夠抵抗感染。接下來我們

have the excretory system. It's a way to get rid of nitrogenous waste. But it also serves

有排洩系統。它是排出含氮廢物的一種方式。但它也有以下作用

the function of regulating osmolarity in our blood. So the kidneys are a big part of the

腎臟具有調節血液滲透壓的功能。是以，腎臟是人體健康的重要組成部分。

excretory system. We then have the endocrine system. These are going to be all of the glands

排洩系統。然後是內分泌系統。這些將是所有腺體

inside your body and the hormones that they give off. From the pituitary all the way to

以及它們所釋放的激素。從腦垂體一直到

the ovaries and the testes. Next we have the reproductive system. Basically different in

卵巢和睪丸。接下來是生殖系統。基本上不同的

males and females. But a way to produce offspring. Nervous system is again those nerves connecting

雄性和雌性。但這是產生後代的一種方式。神經系統又是那些連接

from the brain to the peripheral nervous system and back again. So we can respond to our environment.

從大腦到周圍神經系統，再返回大腦。這樣，我們就能對環境做出反應。

Integumentary system is going to be the skin, the nails the hair. Basically covers our body.

皮膚、指甲和毛髮都屬於皮膚系統。它們基本上覆蓋了我們的身體。

Skeletal system is going to give us support. But it's also going to store important materials

骨骼系統為我們提供支撐。但它也會儲存重要的材料

inside our body. Then finally we have the musculatory system which connects, using those

在我們的身體內部。最後，我們還有肌肉系統，它利用這些肌肉連接我們的身體。

tendons, the dense connective tissue to the bones and allows us movement. And so those

肌腱、與骨骼相連的緻密結締組織，讓我們能夠運動。是以，這些

are the organ systems. That's anatomy and physiology. Again we'll get into more detail

是器官系統。這就是解剖學和生理學。我們將再次詳細介紹

with each of these. But if you can remember those themes, and the idea that structure

每一個。但是，如果你能記住這些主題，以及 "結構 "這一理念

fits function you're going to do just fine.

你會做得很好。