organic food has spread like wildfire.

儘管高價購買有機食物從一種替代轉變成道德和社會責任

Despite higher prices,

照理來說有機食物應該是健康,天然和合乎正道的

buying organic is turning from an alternative

但是當我們在講有機時,到底在表示什麼

into a moral and social responsibility.

對此並沒有全球性的共識

Organic food is supposedly healthier

因此各區域都有不同的定義與規則

more natural and more ethical.

普遍而言

But what do we even mean when we say organic?

有機食物種植過程中不使用基改種子

There's no global consensus,

合成肥料或合成殺蟲劑

so different regions have different definitions and rules.

有機農業則使用較為傳統的方式生產食物

In general,

像是輪作、使用有機肥料

organic food is farmed without GMO seeds,

例如堆肥或有機肥

synthetic fertilizers,

雖然購買有機食品的動機顯然是高尚的

or synthetic pesticides.

只是另一個昂貴的潮流

Instead,

我們可以選擇略過而不感到罪惡?

organic farmers use more traditional ways of producing food,

有機食品比較健康嗎?

like crop rotation,

與有機作物相關的一個概念是

and use organic fertilizers

它們的天然栽培應該使它們更有營養和更健康。

such as compost or manure.

它們的天然栽培應該使它們更有營養和更健康。

While the motivation to buy organic food is clearly noble,

確實，許多研究指出有機食品含有較多抗氧化劑

is it actually effective

確實，許多研究指出有機食品含有較多抗氧化劑

or just another costly trend we can skip

植物會生產它們做為一種自製的殺蟲劑

without feeling guilty?

有機植物似乎必須要更努力

[Music]

而一般植物擁有許多來自人類的幫助

Is organic food healthier?

抗氧化劑據信對健康有益

One idea associated with organic crops

雖然普遍來說，科學家仍對其保持中立態度

is that their natural cultivation

我們不知道抗氧化劑是否及如何對人體有益

is supposed to make them more nutritious and healthier.

或要食用多少產品才能攝取到一定量

Indeed,

那麼是否有機就更為營養呢?

several studies found that organic foods contain more antioxidants.

嗯... 證據不一

Plants produce them as a sort of homemade pesticide.

有些研究發現有機食品中的維生素C濃度略高

Organic plants seem to have to work a little harder,

有些研究發現有機食品中的維生素C濃度略高

while regular plants have plenty of help from humans.

以及Omega-3脂肪酸

Antioxidants are believed to have some health benefits,

然而也有其他研究找不到明顯差異

although scientists are still on the fence about them in general.

整體而言，各種證據指出

We have no idea if and how exactly they help us,

營養價值上的差異相當小

or how much produce you'd have to eat to absorb a certain amount.

所以就目前科學所知

What about organic being more nutritious?

有機食品似乎沒有顯著的健康益處

Well, the evidence is mixed.

我們所知道的是

Some studies found

大體上多吃蔬果對你有好處

that organic food can have slightly higher concentrations of vitamin C,

而且大多數人都攝取蔬果不足

and omega-3 fatty acids,

比起它們是如何被生產，吃蔬菜對你的健康更重要

while others did not find significant differences.

比起它們是如何被生產，多吃蔬菜對你的健康更重要

Overall, the mixed evidence

有機食品就更為天然嗎?

suggests that there are only small differences in nutritional value.

人們不僅僅是為了攝取更多維他命而選擇有機食品

So, from the science available so far,

而是為了避免接觸有毒物質

it doesn't look like organic food has significant health benefits.

人造農藥以及肥料

What we do know,

確實，數個研究指出

is that eating fruit and veggies in general is good for you,

在有機產品中農藥殘留量較低

and most of us don't do that enough.

但事情變得複雜了

Eating veggies is more important for your health

較少農藥並不代表完全沒有殘留

than how they were produced.

雖然農藥被認為是有機農業的最後手段

Is organic food more natural?

但是它們並沒有被禁止

People don't only buy organic to get extra vitamins,

大多數有機農藥是天然毒物

but to avoid something toxic;

像是植物油

artificial pesticides and fertilizers.

熱灰皂

And indeed several studies show

硫或硫酸銅

that there actually is less pesticide residue on organic produce.

但是也有合成物質

But here's where things get complicated.

有機農藥與一般農藥間有什麼不同呢?

Less pesticide does not mean none at all.

事實上並不多

While pesticides are supposed to be a last resort in organic farming,

有機農藥不一定比傳統農藥安全

they're not forbidden.

有機農藥不一定比傳統農藥安全

Most organic pesticides are natural toxins,

有毒就是有毒

like vegetable oils,

不論這個物質是合成的或是源於自然

hot ash soap,

事實上以硫酸銅來說，經常被使用在有機蘋果

sulfur or copper sulfates.

選擇這種有機農藥實際上對人體更為有害

But there are synthetic substances as well.

選擇這種有機農藥實際上對人體更為有害

What's the difference between organic and regular pesticides?

任何物質的毒性取決於其濃度與你的接觸

Not a lot actually.

無關乎它是否天然

Organic pesticides

近來有些研究提到

are not necessarily safer than conventional ones.

農藥接觸程度是如何影響我們的長期健康

Toxic is toxic.

根據一篇2018年的法國報告指出

No matter if the substance is manufactured,

從不食用有機食品提高導致某些癌症發生機率

or derived from nature.

然而該篇研究遭受許多批評

In fact,

只依據受試者回報他們的飲食習慣

in the case of copper sulfate,

卻沒有對他們體內的農藥程度進行實際測試

often used on organic apples,

更加複雜的是

the organic pesticide of choice

一篇2018年的丹麥研究指出

is actually more harmful to humans.

農藥對成人的危害與每三個月喝一杯紅酒是相當的

The toxicity of any substance

蔬菜上的農藥不該成為你失眠的原因

depends on its concentration

儘管如此，我們仍應該持續要求食品的嚴格把關

and your exposure to it --

儘管如此，我們仍應該持續要求食品的嚴格把關

not if it's natural or not.

在歐盟及美國，所有農藥都經過嚴格的監管和測試

There are a few recent studies

在歐盟及美國，所有農藥都經過嚴格的監管和測試

about how our current level of pesticide exposure

每年數千種食物樣品都會接受農藥檢測

affects our long-term health.

多數樣品都沒有農藥殘留

The 2018 study from France

或是在人體可以接受的範圍內

associated never eating organic food

現在，細菌與真菌對食物的污染其實更為危險

with a higher risk of certain cancers.

現在，細菌與真菌對食物的污染其實更為危險

The study was criticized a lot though.

而且在這方面

The participants reported their dietary habits themselves,

有機食品與一般食品風險是相當的

while no actual tests of pesticide levels in their bodies were done.

有機食品真的對環境比較友善嗎?

Complicating things even more,

在2017年，一份整合分析

a Danish study from 2018

仔細檢視有機農業

found that the danger from pesticides for an adult

並分析來自超過700種生產來源的有機與一般食品

was similar to drinking a glass of wine every three months.

並分析來自超過700種生產來源的有機與一般食品

The pesticides on your vegetables

及其對溫室氣體排放、

are nothing to lose sleep over.

能耗以及土地需求等類別的影響

Despite this,

結果是?

we should continue to demand strict standards for our food.

沒有一種生產方法明顯對環境更好

All pesticides are regulated and tested very strictly

有機農業較傳統農業使用較少能量

in the EU and the US.

但是溫室氣體排放量是相近的

Every year,

有機農場使用較少農藥

thousands of food samples are screened for pesticides.

但是需要更多的土地才能生產與傳統農業等量的作物

The majority of samples have no residues

瑞典食品機構的報告也證實了這些不同的結果

or just a fraction of the tolerance level.

瑞典食品機構的報告也證實了這些不同的結果

Right now,

在大多數方面，有機和一般是相等的

contamination from bacteria and fungi

最大的差異是土地使用

is much more dangerous.

傳統農業在這部分明顯贏了

And, on this front,

而在生態毒性上

the risk is the same --

則是有機農業有明顯優勢

be it organic or regular food.

因此，根據這些結果

Is organic food better for the environment?

傳統農業較有機農業實際上對環境的影響要小一些

In 2017, a meta-analysis

傳統農業較有機農業實際上對環境的影響要小一些

looked at organic farming in detail

底線是根據我們所知有機食品並不優於一般產品

and analyzed organic and regular foods

底線是根據我們所知有機食品並不優於一般產品

from over 700 production sources,

但是，有機農業也會在更廣泛的層面上產生影響

and their impact on categories like greenhouse gas emissions,

需求不斷上升

energy consumption,

供不應求會導致生產方法在其他方面不太可持續

and land needs.

舉西班牙的例子來說

The result?

種植大量用於出口的一般和有機蔬菜

No production method is clearly better for the environment.

在廣闊的溫室區域，使用大量的能源。

Organic systems use less energy than conventional ones,

對環境造成了其他衝擊

but have similar greenhouse gas emissions.

例如溫室氣體排放明顯增加

Organic farms use less pesticide,

而且因為國內生產不能滿足日益增長的需求

but need much more land to produce the same amount of crop.

有機食品的跨國貿易業持續增加

These mixed results were also confirmed

隨著供應鏈變得越來越複雜

by a report from the Swedish food agency.

為了使各種食物達到有機的品質

Organic and regular were equal in most regards.

確保有機品質標準和法規變得越來越困難

The biggest difference was land use.

確保有機品質標準和法規變得越來越困難

And here conventional farming clearly won,

這導致了欺詐事件的發生

and ecotoxicity

傳統食品被貼上標籤並作為昂貴的有機農產品出售

where organic farming has a clear advantage.

傳統食品被貼上標籤並作為昂貴的有機農產品出售

So, according to these results,

但是，有機食品與傳統食品甚至不是客觀的討論

conventional farming

但是，有機食品與傳統食品甚至不是客觀的討論

actually has a little bit less impact on the environment

有機不僅僅是一種生產方法

compared to organic.

對許多人來說，這是一種意識形態

The bottom line is

購買有機產品感覺很好

organic food isn't superior to regular produce

人們希望為孩子的健康和地球的幸福做正確的事

as far as we know.

人們希望為孩子的健康和地球的幸福做正確的事

But, organic agriculture also has an impact at a broader level.

但是，本能上我們將有機視為好的

Demand is rising constantly,

傳統視為差的

and the struggle to supply the market

會阻礙我們做出最合理的決定。

can lead to production methods that are less sustainable in other ways.

解決方法可能是

Spain, for example,

停止將有機和傳統農業視為對立的

grows tons of regular and organic vegetables

兩者有利有弊

destined for export

而有效生產健康食品的最佳方式會是

in vast greenhouse areas which use a lot of energy.

將兩者的益處做結合

And have other environmental impacts,

而至於你的個人購物

such as significantly higher greenhouse gas emissions.

應該買什麼食物

And, because growing demand can't be covered by domestic production,

取決於你對它的期望

the global trade and organic foods is also increasing.

如果你只是想吃的健康，你應該多買各式蔬果

As supply chains get more and more complex,

有機並不是必須

to make all kinds of foods available in organic quality,

如果您關心的是環境

ensuring organic quality standards

那麼只是購買有機產品並不能解決這個問題

and regulations gets ever more difficult.

最簡單的選項是購買當地當季的食物

This has led to incidences of fraud

最簡單的選項是購買當地當季的食物

where conventional food was labeled and sold

基本上，當季就是真正的有機

as expensive organic produce.

總結來說

But, organic versus conventional food

有機的標籤是一種製造方式的提醒

isn't even an objective discussion.

不是安全的保證

Organic is not simply a production method.

也不是您飲食一勞永逸的解決方案

For many, it's an ideology.

你吃了什麼比它是如何被生產來得重要

Buying organic feels right.

你吃了什麼比它是如何被生產來得重要

People want to do the correct thing for the health of their children,

and the well-being of the planet.

But, our instinct to think of organic as good,

and conventional as bad,

can get in the way of making the most reasonable decision.

The solution could be to stop seeing organic

and conventional farming as irreconcilable.

They both have pros and cons,

and the best way to produce healthy food efficiently

would be a combination of their best features.

And,

as for your personal shopping,

what food you should buy

depends on what you expect from it.

If you simply want to eat healthily,

you should buy more fruit and vegies of any kind,

not necessarily organic.

If your concern is for the environment,

then simply buying organic won't solve this problem for you.

The easiest option,

is to buy local food that's in season.

Basically,

seasonal is the true organic.

To sum up,

an organic label is a manufacturing notice,

not a security certificate

or a silver bullet for your diet.

What you eat

is much more important than how its produced.

Production is very important for our animations though.

We make them with a lot of love and care,

and the best thing is

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