Hello, this is 6 Minute English.

大家好，這是六分鐘學英語。

I'm Rob.

我是 Rob。

And I'm Sam.

我是 Sam。

In this programme, we're talking about biscuits.

我們將要在這個節目討論餅乾。

Really? That's not what I was told...

真的嗎？我得知的不是這樣誒...

Oh hold on, you're lying.

等等，你在騙我。

Yes, you're right, Sam.

是的，你說得沒錯。

I am lying simply to demonstrate our topic — lying and how to detect it.

我騙你是為了示範我們的主題——說謊和如何揭發謊言。

You detected my lie very easily, Sam!

你輕而易舉就揭穿我了。

I could tell by the smirk on your face that you were telling a fib—that's the word for a small, inoffensive lie.

我從你臉上得意的笑容分辨出你在說無傷大雅的小謊。

To be honest, talking about lie detecting will be much more interesting than biscuits.

老實說，討論戳破謊言比討論餅乾有趣多了。

But first, let's start with a question for you to answer.

首先，我們以問題作為開始吧！

A competition is held in Cumbria in the U.K. every year to find and award the title of "The Biggest Liar in the World".

每年在英國的坎布里亞都會舉辦競賽，尋找和授與頭銜給「世界上最厲害說謊者」。

But which type of people are not allowed to take part?

但是下列哪一類的人不能參加？

a) Farmers, b) Lawyers, or c) Estate agents.

a) 農夫、b) 律師，還是 c) 房地產經紀人？

What do you think, Sam?

你覺得答案是什麼呢？

I'd be lying if I said I knew.

如果我說我知道的話，我一定是在說謊。

But based on personal experience, I'd say estate agents.

但根據個人經驗，我認為是房地產經紀人。

They'd find it too easy!

要房地產經紀人說謊是很容易的！

Ha! Well that's your opinion but I'll let you know if you're right at the end of the program.

那是你的看法，但我會在節目的最後，讓你知道你的答案是否正確。

So, lying is something I'm sure a lot of us do.

我認為說謊是很多人都會做的事。

Sometimes to avoid trouble, sometimes to cheat people, or sometimes just to impress someone.

有時是為了避免麻煩，有時是為了欺騙他人，有時是為了讓別人加深印象。

Did you know I can speak seven languages, Sam?

你知道我會說七種語言嗎？

That's just a barefaced lie, Rob!

這是一個不加修飾的謊話！

But I can see how easy lying can be, and that's what neuroscientist Sophie Scott thinks.

但我可以得知說謊有多容易，而神經科學家 Sophie Scott 也是這麼想的。

Here she is on BBC Radio 4's Seriously podcast, explaining how we sometimes lie just to be nice!

她在 BBC 電台中解釋，有時候說謊是為了表達友善！

Often what we mean by lying is someone setting out to deceive us with their words or their actions.

我們通常認為說謊是有人用話語或行動來欺騙我們。

But actually normal conversation probably can only happen because we don't actually say all the time exactly what we really think and what we really mean.

但在一般的對話中可能發生的謊言是，我們不會總是說出真正的想法或是真正的意思。

And that kind of cooperation is at the heart, I think, of a lot of social interactions for humans.

而我認為這種搭配是很多人類社交活動的核心。

And I think that's one of the strong pushes to make conversation polite and therefore, frequently, not actually truthful.

我認為這是保持客氣對話的其中一項強大推力，因此說的常常不會是實話。

So, Sophie mentions two types of lying.

Sophie 提到兩種類型的謊言。

There's the one when we try to deceive someone.

其中一種是當我們試著欺騙他人。

So that's trying to hide something by tricking someone to gain an advantage.

我們為了獲得好處，而隱瞞事情欺騙他人。

Hmm, that's like you getting me to pay 10 pounds for a cinema ticket when actually they were only 5 pounds.

這就好比你叫我付 10 英鎊買電影票，但實際上電影票才 5 鎊。

That's just dishonest, but there are also what I like to call white lies, small lies we tell to avoid upsetting someone.

這就是不誠實，但有些我會稱為善意的謊言，善意謊言就是我們為了不要讓他人沮喪而說的小謊。

Those are lies that aren't intended to give you an advantage.

善意謊言的目的不是為了得到好處。

Yes, Sophie Scott says we use them in normal conversation, when we don't say what we really mean.

沒錯，Sophie 說在日常對話中，當我們不說出真正的意思時，我們就會說善意的謊言，

So, we want to make conversation polite because we want to cooperate with each other. She says cooperation is at the heart.

我們想保持客氣的對話是因為想與他人合作，Sophie 認為關鍵是為了合作。

Something that's at the heart is the most important or essential part.

at the heart 是指很重要或不可或缺的部分。

Now telling lies is one thing but how do you know if we're being lied to?

這部分是關於說謊，但我們要怎麼知道我們被騙了呢？

Sometimes there are telltale signs, such as someone's face turning red or someone shuffling their feet.

有時候會有一些洩漏說謊的徵兆，例如有些人會臉紅、有些人會拖著腳走路。

But if you really want to know if someone is lying, maybe we should listen to Richard Wiseman, a psychologist at the University of Hertfordshire.

如果真的想知道一個人是否在說謊，我們應該聽聽赫特福德大學的心理學家 Richard Wiseman 怎麼說。

Here he is speaking on the Seriously podcast...

接下來是 Richard Wiseman 在廣播節目上所說的話...

Liars in general say less.

一般來說，說謊的人不會說太多話。

They tend to have a longer what's called response latency, which is the time between the end of the question and the beginning of the answer.

說謊的人傾向有更長的反應延遲現象，

And there also tends to be an emotional distance in the lie.

此外，說謊者易在說謊時做情感上的區隔。

So the words 'me','my', 'I'—all those things tend to drop away in lies.

所以如「我」、「我的」等字不易在謊言中出現。

And it's much much harder for liars to control what they're saying and how they're saying it, so focus your attention there, you become a better lie detector.

對說謊的人來說，要說什麼與要如何說是很難控制的，因此多注意這部分的話，你就會是一位優秀的謊言偵測家。

Some good advice from Richard Wiseman.

下面是來自 Richard Wiseman 的好建議。

So to detect lies we need to listen out for the response latency.

為了察覺謊言，我們需要注意聽反應延遲的時間。

A term used in psychology to describe the time taken between a stimulus or question and a response to it.

反應延遲是用在心理學上， 描述在給予刺激或問題開始到獲得反應，中間所需的時間。

The bigger the gap, the more chance there is that someone is lying.

時間差越大，代表那個人越有可能在說謊。

Is that a good summary, Sam?

這個總結不錯吧？

Sort of, Rob.

還可以。

Richard also suggests we focus on —or concentrate on —what and how people are saying things too.

Richard 也建議我們專注在人們說的話與說的方式。

There's probably more to it than just that.

或許我們會發現話裡隱含的不同意思。

Well now you know how to detect my lies, Sam, maybe honesty is the best policy, as they say.

現在你知道怎麼拆穿我的謊言了，或許如俗話所說的「誠實為上策」。

So I'm now going to give you an honest answer to the question I asked earlier.

現在我要給你一開始問題的誠實答案。

A competition is held in Cumbria, in the U.K., every year to award the title of "The Biggest Liar in the World"

每年在英國的坎布里亞都會舉辦競賽，尋找與授與頭銜給「世界上最厲害說謊者」。

But which type of people are not allowed to take part?

但是下列哪一類的人不能參加？

a) Farmers, b) Lawyers, or c) Estate agents?

a) 農夫、b) 律師，還是 c) 房地產經紀人？

I guessed c) Estate agents.

我猜是 c) 房地產經紀人。

And you are wrong, I'm afraid.

恐怕你是錯的。

Lawyers, as well as politicians, are not allowed to enter the competition.

律師和政客不允許參與比賽。

It's claimed "they are judged to be too skilled at telling porkies."

他們被認為太擅於說謊。

Porkies is an informal word for "pork pies" and that rhymes with "lies."

Porkies 是 pork pies 的非正式寫法，而 pork pies 與 lies 押韻。

Fascinating stuff, Rob and that's no lie!

這個太有趣了，我可沒有胡說喔！

But now, shall we recap some of the vocabulary we've heard today?

我們要不要重述一下今天所學的單字？

Yeah, why not.

好啊！

A fib is a small inoffensive lie.

fib 是指無傷大雅的小謊。

A white lie is also a small lie, told to avoid upsetting someone.

white lie 也是指小謊，目的是避免使他人不開心。

When you deceive someone, you try to hide something by tricking them to gain an advantage.

當你 deceive 他人，是指你為了得到好處，隱藏事情欺騙他人。

When something is at the heart of something, it is the most important or essential part of it.

at the heart of 是指最重要、不可或缺的部分。

And we heard about response latency.

我們也學到 response latency。

A term used in psychology to describe the time taken between a stimulus or question and a response to it.

response latency 是心理學的用語， 描述在給予刺激或問題開始到獲得反應，中間所需的時間。

Okay, thank you, Sam.

謝謝你，Sam。

That's all from 6 Minute English.

這是今日的六分鐘學英文。

We look forward to your company next time. Goodbye!

我們期待你下次的陪伴，掰掰。

Bye everyone!

大家再見！