Hey, sleepyheads, Jules here for DNews.

嗨，瞌睡蟲們，我是 DNews 的 Jules。

Now, we've all been there.

我們都有過這樣的狀況。

You stay up until 5 a.m. studying because you forgot you have a final worth 60% of your grade the next morning.

你因為忘記明天早上有個佔總成績 60% 的期末考而熬夜到凌晨 5 點。

Then, after just an hour or two of sleep, you wander around in a dull haze, like you're drunk or something.

然後在只睡了一、兩個小時的狀態下，你像是喝醉了一樣地茫然亂晃。

And, also, you fail your final.

然後，你的期末考還是搞砸了。

In fact, being sleep deprived is not altogether different from being drunk in regards to feeling impaired and being unable to complete basic tasks.

事實上，就精神削弱和難以完成基本工作的面向來說，睡眠不足和喝醉酒不全然相異。

One study from 2000 done by researchers from Australia and New Zealand took a group of volunteers and kept them from sleeping for up to 28 hours.

一個由澳洲與紐西蘭研究人員在 2000 年進行的研究找來了一群志願者，讓他們不睡覺 28 小時以上。

Then, progressively, they gave them a series of tests in areas such as cognitive demand, reaction speed, hand-eye coordination, memory, and perception.

接著，他們會循序漸進地給這些志願者一系列不同領域的測試，包括認知需求、反應速度、手眼協調、記憶力與感知力。

At another date, they got the same group of participants drunk, first to a blood alcohol level of .05, then to .1, and gave them the same series of tests.

在另一天，他們會讓同一群參與者喝醉，先是讓他們血液中酒精濃度達 .05，然後到 .1，再給他們同一系列的測試。

The researchers found that at around the 17- to 19-hour sleepless mark, the participants scored similarly to when their blood alcohol level was around .05, or even slightly worse.

研究人員發現到了 17 到 19 小時的無眠時長階段，參與者的得分與血液酒精濃度 .05 左右時相似，甚至更糟。

Some participants even showed impairment equivalent to .1, past the legal drinking limit for driving in the United State, which is .08.

有些人甚至展現了等同 .1 程度的障礙，遠超過美國法定酒精濃度最高 .08 的駕駛限制。

What that means is if you stay up late and decide to go for a drive, you're effectively drunk driving.

那代表的是，如果你熬夜然後決定要去開車兜風，你基本上就是在酒駕。

So, what's happening in your brain when you're sleep-deprived?

所以說，當你睡眠不足時，腦中發生了什麼事？

Well, another study from 2000 out of UC San Diego used fMRIs to look at sleep-deprived brains while performing verbal learning tasks.

另一份 2000 年由聖地牙哥加利福尼亞大學執行的研究利用功能性磁振造影觀察睡眠不足腦部在執行口語學習任務時的表現。

They found that the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in personality, planning, decision-making, and social behavior, was working overtime,

他們發現負責個性、規劃、決策以及社交行為的前額葉皮質正在超時工作，

lighting up much more than it would in the brain of a person who'd had a restful night of sleep.

相較於有一晚充足睡眠的人，腦部這個區域的活躍度會更顯著。

While that may seem counterintuitive, this higher activity is actually a bad thing since it shows that the brain has to work harder to perform the same tasks.

雖然那可能看似與預期相反，這個較高度的活動其實是件壞事，因為它顯示大腦執行相同任務時，需要更廢力。

Then they looked at the temporal lobe, which controls your hearing, speech, and vision, as well as long-term memory.

他們接著觀察了掌控聽力、言語、視力以及長期記憶的顳葉。

In sleep-deprived subjects, this part of the brain was relatively quiet when otherwise it would've been lighting up in restful subjects.

在睡眠不足的受試者身上，大腦的這個部分相對安靜，而它在休息充裕的受試者腦中則會有活動。

If you've noticed, sleepy people tend to slur their speech, not unlike drunk people, and for both, that process is related the temporal lobe.

如果你已經發現到，想睡覺的人通常講話會含糊不清，跟喝醉酒的人沒兩樣，而對這兩者而言，這個流程與顳葉有關。

Meanwhile, to make up for this lack of activity, the parietal lobe steps in.

與此同時，為了彌補這樣的活動不足，頂葉會挺身而出。

And while it also deals with sensory input, it doesn't do as good of a job at the specific tasks the temporal lobe deals with.

雖然它一樣也是會處理感官輸入，它在顳葉處理的特定任務上，表現不會那麼好。

Which is why you're still able to do those tasks, just really, really poorly.

這也就是為什麼你依然能夠執行那些任務，只是非常、非常糟。

Clearly, your brain works differently when you're sleepy.

顯然地，你的頭腦在你想睡時的運作方式會不一樣。

Sleep lets your brain's neurons rest and regain sensitivity by shutting off your neurotransmitters.

睡眠會讓你腦中的神經元透過切斷神經傳遞素來休息並重獲敏感度。

To quickly explain:

快速地解釋一下：

The neurons in your brain are individual cells capable of communicating information using electricity and chemicals.

你腦中的神經元是能夠利用電和化學物質構通訊息的獨立細胞。

Some of those chemicals are called "neurotransmitters", including serotonin, dopamine, and histamine.

這些化學物質中的一些被稱為「神經傳遞素」，包括血清素、多巴胺和組織胺。

After being bombarded with chemicals all day, your neurons lose sensitivity, which has been proposed as the reason your brain seems to be working more slowly the more tired you are.

在整天的化學物質抨擊下，你的神經元會失去敏感度，這被視為頭腦會隨著你的疲累程度增加而更緩慢運作的原因。

Basically, staying up past your bedtime is pretty bad for your cognitive function, and so is drinking.

基本上來說，熬夜超過正常睡眠時間對於你的認知能力很不好，喝酒也是一樣。

That's pretty scary because, according to Harvard Medical School, roughly a quarter million drivers fall asleep at the wheel every single day.

那蠻恐怖的，因為根據哈佛醫學院指出，每天都有約 25 萬人會在開車時睡著。

So, remember, if you're gonna be staying up late, get yourself a designated driver.

所以要記得，如果你會熬夜，記得幫自己找個代理駕駛。

For more stories that inform you, check out our sister channel, Seeker Stories.

如果要看能給你更多資訊的故事，可以看看我們的姐妹頻道 Seeker Stories。

They recently went to Hawaii to find out how untreated wastewater from cesspools of poop are hurting coral reefs.

他們最近去了夏威夷以探討化糞池未處理的廢水會如何傷害珊瑚礁。

You can watch that video right here.

你可以在這裡看到影片。

And over here on Seeker VR, you can visit the Standing Rock, where water protectors are standing strong after their victory against the Dakota Access Pipeline.

而在 Seeker VP 上，你可以造訪立岩，當地水源擁護者在戰勝達科塔輸油管興建後，繼續堅定不移。

Watch this video to see the harsh realities that they're facing.

觀看這部影片已看看他們現在面臨的殘酷現實。

Thanks for watching DNews.

感謝收看 DNews。