hepatitis? Or maybe teased your buddy by saying he has muscular dystrophy?

Of course you have never done that, because you are not a terrible person. You'd never

make fun of someone for having a physical illness, but folks make all kinds of offhand

remarks about people having mental illnesses and never give it a second thought.

How often have you heard a person say that someone's psycho, or schizo, or bipolar, or

OCD? I can pretty much guarantee that the people who used those terms had no idea what they actually meant.

We've talked about how psychological disorders and the people who have them have often been stigmatized.

But at the same time, we tend to minimize those disorders, using them as nicknames for

things that people do, think, or say, that may not exactly be universal, but are still basically healthy.

And we all do it, but only because we don't really understand those conditions.

But that's why we're here, because as we go deeper into psychological disorders, we get

a clearer understanding of their symptoms, types, causes, and the perspectives that help explain them.

And some of the most common disorders have their root in an unpleasant mental state that's

familiar to us all: anxiety.

It's a part of being human, but for some people it can develop into intense fear, and paralyzing

dread, and ultimately turn into full-fledged anxiety disorder.

Defining psychological disorders again: a deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional pattern

of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that interferes with the ability to function in a healthy way.

So when it comes to anxiety, that definition is the difference between the guy you probably

called phobic because he didn't like Space Mountain as much as you did, and the person

who truly can't leave their house for fear of interacting with others.

It's the difference between the girl who's teased by her friends as being OCD because

she does her laundry every night and the girl who has to wash her hands so often that they bleed.

Starting today, you're going to understand all of those terms you've been using.

We commonly equate anxiety with fear, but anxiety disorders aren't just a matter of fear itself.

A key component is also what we do to get rid of that fear.

Say someone almost drowned as a kid and is now afraid of water.

A family picnic at the river may cause that anxiety to bubble up, and to cope, they may

stay sequestered in the car, less anxious but probably still unhappy while the rest

of the family is having fun.

So, in clinical terms, anxiety disorders are characterized not only by distressing, persistent

anxiety but also often by the dysfunctional behaviors that reduce that anxiety.

At least a fifth of all people will experience a diagnosable anxiety disorder of some kind

at some point in their lives. That is a lot of us.

So I want to start out with a condition that used to be categorized as an anxiety disorder

but is now considered complex enough to be in a class by itself, Obsessive-Compulsive

Disorder or OCD.

You probably know that condition is characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts, which become

obsessions, which are sometimes accompanied by actions, which become compulsions.

And it is a great example of a psychological disorder that could use some mental-health myth busting.

Being neat, and orderly, and fastidious does not make you OCD.

OCD is a debilitating condition whose sufferers take normal behaviors like, washing your hands,

or double checking that you turned off the stove and perform them compulsively.

And they often use these compulsive, even ritualistic behaviors to relieve intense and unbearable anxiety.

So, soon they're scrubbing their hands every five minutes, or constantly checking the stove,

or counting the exact number of steps they take everywhere they go.

If you're still unclear about what it means for disorders to be deviant, distressful and

dysfunctional, OCD might help you understand.

Because it is hard to keep a job, run a household, sit still, or do much of anything if you feel

intensely compelled to run to the kitchen twenty times an hour.

And both the thoughts and behaviors associated with OCD are often driven by a fear that is itself

obsessive, like if you don't go to the kitchen right now your house will burn down and your

child will die which makes the condition that much more distressing and self-reinforcing.

There are treatments that help OCD including certain kinds of psychotherapy and some psychotropic drugs.

But the key here is that it is not a description for your roommate who cleans her bathroom

twice a week, or the guy in the cubicle next to you, who only likes to use green felt tip pens.

And even though OCD is considered its own unique set of psychological issues, the pervasive

senses of fear, worry, and loss of control that often accompany it, have a lot in common

with other anxiety disorders.

The broadest of these is Generalized Anxiety Disorder or GAD.

People with this condition tend to feel continually tense and apprehensive, experiencing unfocused,

negative, and out-of-control feelings.

Of course feeling this way occasionally is common enough, but feeling it consistently

for over six months - the length of time required for a formal diagnosis - is not.

Folks with GAD worry all the time and are frequently agitated and on edge, but unlike

some other kinds of anxiety, patients often can't identify what's causing the anxiousness, so

they don't even know what to avoid.

Then there's Panic Disorder, which affects about 1 in 75 people, most often teens and young adults.

It's calling card is Panic Attacks or sudden episodes of intense dread or sudden fear that

come without warning.

Unlike the symptoms of GAD which can be hard to pin down, Panic Attacks are brief, well-defined,

and sometimes severe bouts of elevated anxiety.

And if you've ever had one, or been with someone who has, you know that they call these attacks

for good reason.

They can cause chest pains and racing heartbeat, difficulty breathing and a general sense that

you're going crazy or even dying. It's as awful as it sounds.

We've talked a lot about the body's physiological fight or flight response and that's definitely

part of what's going on here, even though there often isn't an obvious trigger.

There may be a genetic pre-disposition to panic disorder, but persistent stress or having

experienced psychological trauma in the past can also set you up for these attacks.

And because the attacks themselves can be downright terrifying, a common trigger for

panic disorder is simply the fear of having another panic attack.

How's that for a kick in the head?

Say you have a panic attack on a bus, or you find yourself hyperventilating in front of

dozens of strangers with nowhere to go to calm yourself down, that whole ordeal might

make you never want to be in that situation again, so your anxiety could lead you to start

avoiding crowded or confined places.

At this point the initial anxiety has spun of into a fear of anxiety which means, welcome

you've migrated into another realm of anxiety disorder, Phobias.

And again this is a term that's been misused for a long time to describe people who, say,

they don't like cats, or are uncomfortable on long plane trips.

Simply experiencing fear or discomfort doesn't make you phobic.

In clinical terms, phobias are persistent, irrational fears of specific objects, activities,

or situations, that also, and this is important, leads to avoidance behavior.

You hear a lot about fears of heights, or spiders, or clowns, and those are real things.

They're specific phobias that focus on particular objects or situations.

For example, the Chesapeake Bay Bridge in Maryland is a seven-thousand meter span that

crosses the Chesapeake Bay, if you want to get to or from Eastern Maryland that's pretty

much the only way to do it, at least in a car, but there are thousands of people who

are so afraid of crossing that bridge that they simply can't do it.

So, to accommodate this avoidance behavior, driver services are available.

For $25 people with Gephyrophobia, a fear of bridges, can hire someone to drive themselves, and their kids,

and dogs, and groceries across the bridge in their own car, while trying not to freak out.

But other phobias lack such specific triggers, what we might think of as social phobia, currently

known as social anxiety disorder, is characterized by anxiety related to interacting or being

seen by others, which could be triggered by a phone call, or being called on in class,

or just thinking about meeting new people.

So you can probably see at this point how anxiety disorders are related and how they

can be difficult to tease apart.

The same thing can be said about what we think causes them.

Because much in the same way anxiety can show up as both a feeling like panic, and a thought,

like is my kitchen on fire, there are also two main perspectives on how we currently view anxiety

as a function of both learning and biology.

The learning perspective suggests that things like, conditioning, and observational learning

and cognition, all of which we've talked about before best explain the source of our anxiety.

Remember our behaviorist friend, John B. Watson and his conditioning experiments with poor

little Albert, by making a loud scary noise every time you showed the kid a white rat,

he ended up conditioning the boy to fear any furry object, from bunnies, to dogs, to fur coats.

That conditioning used two specific learning processes to cement itself in Little Albert's young mind.

Stimulus Generalization, expanded or generalized his fear of the rat to other furry objects,

the same principle holds true if you were, like, attacked by your neighbours mean parrot

and subsequently fear all birds.

But then the anxiety is solidified through reinforcement, every time you avoid or escape

a feared situations, a pair of fuzzy slippers or a robin on the street, you ease your anxiety,

which might make you feel better temporarily, but it actually reinforces your phobic behavior,

making it stronger.

Cognition also influences our anxiety, whether we interpret a strange noise outside as a

hungry bear, or a robber, or merely the wind, determines if we roll-over and keep snoring,

or freak out and run for a kitchen knife.

And we might also acquire anxiety from other people through observational learning.

A parent who's terrified of water may end up instilling that fear in their child by

violently snatching them away from kiddie pools or generally acting anxious around park

fountains and duck ponds.

But there're also equally important biological perspectives. Natural selection, for instance,

might explain why we seem to fear certain potentially dangerous animals, like snakes, or why fears

of heights or closed in spaces are relatively common.

It's probably true that our more wary ancestors who had the sense to stay away from cliff

edges and hissing serpents were more likely to live another day and pass along their genes,

so this might explain why those fears can persist, and why even people who live in places

without poisonous snakes would still fear snakes anyway.

And then you got the genetics and the brain chemistry to consider.

Research has shown for example that identical twins, those eternal test subjects, are more

likely to develop phobias even if they're raised apart.

Some researchers have detected seventeen different genes that seem to be expressed with various

anxiety disorders.

So it may be that some folks are just naturally more anxious than others and they might pass

on that quality to their kids.

And of course individual brains have a lot to say about how they process anxiety.

Physiologically, people who experience panic attacks, generalized anxiety, or obsessive

compulsions show over-arousal in the areasof the brain that deal in impulse control

and habitual behaviors.

Now we don't know whether these irregularities cause the disorder or are caused by it, but

again, it reinforces the truism that everything that is psychological is simultaneously biological.

And that holds true for many other psychological disorders we'll talk about in the coming weeks,

many of which have names that you've also heard being misused in the past.

Today you learned what defines an anxiety disorder, as well as the symptoms of obsessive

compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and phobias.

You also learned about the two main perspectives on the origins of anxiety disorders, the learning

perspective and the biological perspective and hopefully you learned not to use "OCD"

as a punch line from now on.

Thanks for watching, especially to all of our Subbable subscribers who make Crash Course

available to them and also to everyone else.

To find out how you can become a supporter just go to subbable.com/crashcourse.

This episode was written by Kathleen Yale, edited by Blake de Pastino, and our consultant

is Dr. Ranjit Bhagwat.

Our director and editor is Nicholas Jenkins, the script supervisor is Michael Aranda who

is also our sound designer and the graphics team is Thought Cafe.