Stay tuned for more information at the end.

最後有關於 Betterhelp 的資訊，請繼續收看。

Politicians often blame video games for some of the violence in our world, and while it is true that the top five most popular video games right now are all shooter games, do the guns on screen really translate into aggression in real life?

政治人物常常將社會上的暴力事件歸咎於電玩，雖然現在最受歡迎的五個電玩都是射擊遊戲，但在螢幕上開槍真的跟現實中的攻擊行為有關嗎？

Can video games make you violent?

玩電玩遊戲是否會讓你變暴力？

One of the main arguments people make against video games is that they prime kids to be violent.

電玩遊戲反對者的主要理由之一是電玩會促使小孩開始嗜暴，

Priming is a non-conscious form of memory where one stimulus influences the response to a subsequent stimulus.

「促發」是一種潛意識記憶，使先出現的刺激因子會影響對隨後出現之刺激因子的反應，

For example, if I said the word yellow then asked you to name a fruit, you would most likely say banana.

像是如果我講了黃色這個詞後要你說出一個水果，你很有可能會說香蕉，

This led to a study in which researchers had participants play one of two games.

在促發的相關研究中，受試者被要求玩兩種遊戲其中一個，

One game where they were in a car avoiding collisions.

一個遊戲是開車並避免和其他車相撞，

Another where they were just a mouse avoiding a cat.

另一個是讓老鼠躲避貓的追捕，

Following the game, the researchers, based on priming, hypothesized the players would be faster at categorizing objects associated with the game they played, more quickly in the real world.

研究員根據促發原理，推論遊戲結束後受試者在現實世界可以更快速分類遊戲中出現的物體，

So the players looked at pictures of things like a bus or a dog and were asked to quickly label them either as a vehicle or an animal.

所以他們要受試者看不同圖片，例如公車或狗，並且快速說出它們是交通工具或動物，

Those who played the car game were no faster at categorizing vehicles.

結果發現玩開車遊戲的受試者辨識交通工具並沒有比較快，

And those who played the cat game were no faster at categorizing animals.

同樣的，玩躲貓遊戲的受試者也沒有更善於將動物歸類，

In fact, those who played each game had a slower reaction time to the related category, meaning negative priming might actually be occurring.

事實上，受試者辨認相對應類別的反應速度甚至變慢了，也就是說可能發生了負向促發，

Oh, science, you're always just messing with us, aren't ya?

科學總是讓我們摸不著頭腦對吧？

But unlike the 8-bit games of our past, today's game designers are capable of producing incredible graphics.

與早期八位元遊戲不同的是，現今的遊戲設計師能把遊戲效果變得更寫實，

Therefore, another criticism is the more realistic a game, the more likely it will activate aggressive behavior.

因此有另外一群批評者認為遊戲越真實，就越可能活化攻擊行為，

To study this concept, one study had participants play one of two combat games, one where the characters were modeled using rag doll physics - movements modeled off of the human skeleton, which means they had very physically realistic death behaviors.

為了深入探討這個概念，有個研究讓受試者分組玩兩種戰鬥遊戲，其中一個的角色是用布娃娃系統建模，動作以人類骨架為模型，所以角色死亡行為非常寫實，

The other game used deaths that were extremely unrealistic.

另一個遊戲的死亡行為就很不像真實世界，

Afterwards, aggression was assessed via a word association test, and the game with the more realistic deaths showed no increase in aggression.

遊戲結束後，研究人員用字詞聯想測驗評估受試者的攻擊行為程度，結果顯示玩寫實死亡遊戲受試者的攻擊行為並沒有增加，

Of the available research, most find no link between video games and violence.

在可取得資料的研究中，電玩遊戲跟暴力行為並沒有關聯性，

A meta-analysis of studies showing a positive link between games and aggression found that they often used ineffective lab tests of aggression; for example, measuring brain waves and heartbeats, which doesn't necessarily translate to actual criminal behavior.

科學家分析提出電玩與攻擊行為有正相關的研究，認為那些評估攻擊行為的實驗室測試方法並不正確，例如測量腦波與心跳，不一定會轉變成真實的犯罪行為，

And in the past, when a correlation has been found, it's been weak.

在過去，即使有發現兩者關聯，相關性也非常小，

Criminologists who study mass homicides refer to the link between violent games and crime as a myth.

研究大規模謀殺的犯罪學者認為電玩遊戲與犯罪的關聯只是一個迷思，

In fact, in 2011 the US Supreme Court ruled that research did not find clear connection between violent video games and aggressive behavior.

事實上，2011 年美國最高法院裁定並沒有研究發現電玩與攻擊行為之間有明顯關聯，

Unfortunately, we all know how often after a crime, video games and violent media get brought into the conversation, but the truth is this might actually be distracting from the more significant causes of violence.

不幸的是，每當犯罪事件發生，電玩與暴力內容媒體就會掀起熱烈討論，但可能使人們忽略更重要的犯罪原因。

Thank you so much to betterhelp for sponsoring this video.

非常感謝 Betterhelp 贊助這支影片，

As someone who has had therapy benefited my life over the last three years betterhelp is an accessible, low-cost way to access a licensed therapist, something that we all can benefit from.

過去三年 Betterhelp 的療程讓我受益許多，不用花大錢就能輕鬆找到持有執照的治療師，所有人都能受益，

So you have to be 18 years or older to use the service, which gives you access to licensed therapists through chat, text, your phone, and online video.

如果要使用 Betterhelp 的服務，必須滿十八歲。在 Betterhelp 可以與合格治療師用手機聊天、傳簡訊、和視訊，

You can even start now by using the link below and connecting with a licensed therapist within under 24 hours.

現在即可開始，點擊下面的連結，就能在一天內找到合格治療師，

It's important to know that this is not a crisis line, but a way to schedule video and phone chats with licensed therapists for a low cost of $35 to $65 a week.

重要的是，你必須了解這不是只有發生危機才能用，平常就能安排跟治療師進行視訊和電話交談，費用不高，一周大約 35 到 65 美元。

Betterhelp makes therapy, which can be intimidating and expensive, feel secure, convenient, and affordable.

Betterhelp 讓原本令人生畏的昂貴療程，變得安全、方便、容易負擔。

Head to betterhelp dot com ASAP to check it out.

趕快上 betterhelp.com 看看吧！

Thank you so much for watching, and we will see you next week for a new science video. Peace!

也謝謝收看，下星期我們會以新的科普影片與大家見面，再見囉！