Instagrammers created safety hazards during the poppy super-bloom in California.

前往加州朝拜罌粟花花季的 IG 使用者使得園區有了安全隱患。

Historic cities inundated by tourists.

歷史性的城市總被遊客佔滿。

Sensitive habitat destroyed.

保育區被破壞。

Monuments damaged.

紀念碑被毀損。

This phenomenon is known as over-tourism, and it's affecting the planet in unprecedented ways.

這個現象被稱作過度旅遊，而這正前所未有地影響著我們的星球。

The crowd is almost more impressive than the sunrise.

這個人潮簡直比日出還驚人。

There's a way in which tourists can alter the experience of visiting something such that they ruin the very experience that they've been trying to have.

有一個說法是，遊客在拜訪景點的同時，他們也變成環境的一份子，而因此成為理想旅遊經驗的破壞者。

That's the essential condition of over-tourism.

這是構成過度旅遊的必要條件。

I would put tourism in the large bucket of things that people do that have been made possible now with fossil fuels.

我會把旅遊定義成一個綜合型的經驗，而這是在石油被開發出來後才化為可能的。

Historically, tourism was only for a small wealthy elite, in fact, it was common to stay within 50 or 100 miles of where you grew up.

歷史上，旅遊曾經只屬於上流社會的小眾；對普通人來說，一輩子都留在成長地區的五十至一百哩內是很正常的。

European nobles or very upper income people would go on grand tours in Europe.

歐洲的貴族或是上流階級的人會在歐洲壯遊。

There is also religious travel.

另外就是宗教型的旅遊。

However, you didn't have the kind of "let's go take a Disney vacation" type thing until the 20th century.

無論如何，直到二十世紀以前，人們都沒有所謂「一起去迪士尼渡假」的選項。

And 8 million people a year, come flocking from every corner of the world, to Disney's 100 dollar dream and action.

一年有八百萬人，從世界各地湧入迪士尼，為了實踐迪士尼一百美元的夢和行動。

As western societies gained a middle-class, tens of millions of people could suddenly afford to travel, and mass tourism began and that's what's happening again today with rapidly developing countries.

當西方社會的中產階級興起，有好幾百萬人突然之間有了可以旅遊的資產，而旅遊業也就此崛起，這樣的現象在現今的開發中國家也仍是進行式。

In the last thirty years or so you've had the emergence of this global middle class that has come out of middle income countries.

在過去的三十年間左右，全球中產階級的人已經走出了中產收入的國家。

So Brazil, Mexico, China, India, where millions of people have achieved this wage level where they're also able to travel.

所以像巴西、墨西哥、中國、印度，這些地方的幾百萬人薪資水平提升到了有資本旅遊的程度。

Overseas trips from China alone rose from 10 million to a hundred and fifty million in under two decades, and globally, we've gone from 25 million to 1.4 billion trips today.

中國人的跨國旅遊也在二十年間，從一千萬提升到一億五千萬人口，從全球性來看，我們也從兩千五百萬成長至了十四億的旅遊量。

But that's not the only factor: budget airlines like Ryanair allowed tourists to fly cheaply, and Airbnb has increased the supply of lodgings.

但這還不是唯一的原因，廉價航空如瑞安航空讓遊客可以買到便宜的機票，再加上 Airbnb 的擴增使得住宿變得更便利。

And the rise of Instagram across the world has spurred over-tourism in a big way.

Instagram 全球性的崛起也大大推進了過度旅遊的現象。

Social media has provided a way for people to find out places to go, things to do, things to see, and in some cases, has also really eroded the tourist experience.

社群網站提供一個很好的平台，讓人們可以找到想去的地方、想做的事、想看的景點，但有時候它也破壞了旅遊的經驗。

People show up to try to take the same selfie of what they had seen online, which is a very, very new thing.

人們去到一個地方，只為了拍下一張和網上看到的一樣的照片，這是一個非常新的現象。

In a few tragic cases this phenomenon has even led to injury and death.

在一些較不幸的例子中，這個現象造成了人們受傷，甚至是死亡。

In response to over tourism, many cities are starting to tax tourists more heavily and put daily limits on cruise ship visitors, and regulating Airbnbs so that locals aren't priced out of their own cities.

為了因應過度旅遊的問題，許多城市都開始加重課徵旅遊税、控制每日從港口上岸的遊客量、並控管 Airbnb 以保護其他民宿旅館業者不會因定價過高而被淘汰。

But it's even more challenging to mitigate the effects of all this travel on climate change.

但最困難的是減輕旅遊在氣候變遷上產生的效應。

The biggest part of any trip is the flight.

旅遊中對環境最大的傷害是飛行。

Just from one flight from New York to London and back, you're doing about a third of the damage that a car does over the course of a whole year.

一趟從紐約到倫敦的來回飛行就已經是一輛汽車一年對地球傷害的三倍。

And cruise ships aren't much better.

而遊輪也沒有好到哪裡去。

Ships are one of the most efficient ways you could move across the surface of the earth, but they're using one of the dirtiest fuels.

搭船是在地球表面移動最有效率的方法之一，但它所使用的燃料卻是很可怕的污染源。

Climate activist Greta Thunberg made a statement by choosing to take a six-day journey on a carbon-neutral schooner rather than fly across the Atlantic, and in Europe the "flight shame" movement has taken hold.

氣候運動者桑伯格 (Greta Thunberg) 在自己的六天旅遊中選擇了碳排放量為零的帆船，而非飛越大西洋，同時在歐洲「搭機羞愧 (flight shame)」的運動也正在興起。

-Some are calling it the Greta effect, the famous teen environmentalist Greta Thunberg.

有些人稱它為 Greta 效應，來自有名的青少年氣候運動者桑伯格 (Greta Thunberg)。

Should we all be expected to follow their lead?

我們都應該跟隨他們嗎？

The pros for flying are that it's absolutely amazing, and there's no parallel for it in all of human history.

飛行的確有它驚人的好處，而這在人類歷史上是前所未見的。

It is not the inherent fault of individuals that the planet is warming.

地球暖化並不完全是我們任何一個人固有的錯。

It's the fault of how we run our energy system, and there are people in charge of it and they've made decisions that force us all to emit.

我們應該把它歸咎於能源系統，設計並執行這些系統的人們迫使我們排放溫室氣體。

And in fact, they are very happy when we talk about individual responsibility because it takes the focus off the massive systematic decisions that got us to this place.

事實上，當我們談論個人的責任時便正中他們下懷，因為這分散了指出決策者問題的注意力，但正是他們讓我們走到了今天這一步的。

Alongside the problems, there are upsides to tourism like global connection and financial investments in the places that need it.

在這些問題之外，旅遊其實也帶來許多好處，像是讓全球網絡和金融投資能進入到需要的地方。

I don't think that we can put a value on the fact that so many people get to go see so much of the world's wonders, and I think that we do have some evidence that that might change people.

我不覺得讓這麼多人看見世界不同角落的經驗能被一個價格定義，而我們的確有許多證據顯示這樣的經驗是能改變人們的。

It may make them more open to other cultures, other experiences.

它讓人們對其他文化以及新的經驗都變得更開放。

Tourism as a general point is a really great and amazing thing, and this is just one of the dark sides of it.

一般來說，旅遊是一件既美好又驚艷的事，而這只是它的其中一個黑暗面而已。

Thanks for watching this video and please like and subscribe.

感謝你的觀看，如果你喜歡這支影片，請按讚並訂閱。